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In several studies we have tried to provide estimates of the uncertainty budget associated with the aerosol forcing. Much of the uncertainty arises from the fact that unlike the long-lived greenhouse gases, whose concentrations are rather uniformly distributed in the atmosphere, the loadings of aerosols are highly variable in space and time, as a consequence of highly localized sources and of sporadic removal, mainly by precipitation. Additionally aerosol microphysical properties are not a universal constant, but depend on sources and composition and evolve as a consequence of chemical and physical processes occurring in the atmosphere. The mass loading, composition, and the microphysical properties of aerosols such as number concentration and size distribution directly affect their direct and indirect radiative forcing of climate.
Reducing the uncertainty in aerosol forcing will require a major effort both in characterizing the present distribution and properties of aerosols and in developing understanding required to represent the processes controlling loading and properties of tropospheric aerosols in numerical models. Model-based descriptions of aerosol forcing need to be incorporated into climate models in order to represent this forcing not just for the present climate but also retrospectively over the industrial period and prospectively for various scenarios of future emissions. Much of our research is directed to developing and evaluating numerical models for representing the geographical distribution of loading of atmospheric aerosols. Our approach has been to use observationally derived meteorological data to drive our models, because the temporal and spatial variation in aerosol loading is governed to great extent by meteorological variability. Meaningful evaluation of the model by comparison with observations thus requires this approach. Much of this work is conducted within the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Science Program (ASP).
An additional major component of our research is directed to developing improved representation of aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing. Much of this work is conducted in conjunction with the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program.
Our work is represented in our publications. I welcome inquiries of interest from any and all. Much of our work is conducted in collaboration with others at their institutions or as visiting scientists at Brookhaven National Laboratory. I particularly encourage inquiries from students; you are our future.
Atmospheric Heating and Cooling from Fossil-Fuel Combustion. Our examination of the greenhouse heating influence of fossil fuel combustion versus the aerosol cooling influence was highlighted in the Fall 1994 Newsletter of the DOE Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center CDIAC Communications.
Originally posted by Afterthought
It seems as though "forcing" is being used to offset the greenhouse gases from industrial plants. As it states, natural aerosols disperse evenly, while forced aerosols don't. This seems to be a problem that they're currently trying to figure out how to fix.
In climate science, radiative forcing is generally defined as the change in net irradiance between different layers of the atmosphere. Typically, radiative forcing is quantified at the tropopause in units of watts per square meter. A positive forcing (more incoming energy) tends to warm the system, while a negative forcing (more outgoing energy) tends to cool it. Sources of radiative forcing include changes in insolation (incident solar radiation) and in concentrations of radiatively active gases and aerosols.
Originally posted by Afterthought
As it states, natural aerosols disperse evenly, while forced aerosols don't. This seems to be a problem that they're currently trying to figure out how to fix.
Much of the uncertainty arises from the fact that unlike the long-lived greenhouse gases, whose concentrations are rather uniformly distributed in the atmosphere, the loadings of aerosols are highly variable in space and time, as a consequence of highly localized sources and of sporadic removal, mainly by precipitation.
Originally posted by nuttin4U
Originally posted by nuttin4U
These days...with so much information...the truth is hard to come by. The people that say they're just 'contrails' haven't seen what i've seen, over the past 2 years. I know the difference between 'contrail' and a 'chemtrail'. Unless, a 'contrail' is really a 'chemtrail' and a 'chemtrail' is really a 'contrail'...and we just got the names confused. But, whatever you want to call them..they're UNDENIABLE. It's hard to see how a little bit of exhaust can cause a DRAMATIC change in weather. You can see the streak GROW, throughout the day. It starts like a LOOOOOOOOOOONG line, then starts to expand and get puffy; you can even see the 'clouds' drifting. And guess where they're drifting into: the Pacific Ocean. And you want me to believe it's a 'contrail' that caused it? Hmm, maybe it is.
Ok then, let's let the people decide.
Is this a contrail?
What is this, then?
And how about this?
Or this?
What about this?
So, this is normal?
And this?
Ewwww, that's purty.
Wow, niiiiiiice
I'm loving the way it drifts INTO the ocean.
These pics are old pics...the ones i had available online. I have MUCH better ones, than this. I took some of today's activity...but...why bother loading them...they look the same as these. The only difference today, was the fact that the planes were flying relatively close to each other. A little too close, to be passenger planes. That's for SURE!edit on 29-1-2012 by nuttin4U because: (no reason given)
Can we talk about my pretty pics??? Please??? I need a cloud edumacation. Where are the 'experts'? ProudBird, Unicus...where art thou?
Originally posted by Uncinus
Originally posted by Afterthought
As it states, natural aerosols disperse evenly, while forced aerosols don't. This seems to be a problem that they're currently trying to figure out how to fix.
And that's not what it states at all. It states:
Much of the uncertainty arises from the fact that unlike the long-lived greenhouse gases, whose concentrations are rather uniformly distributed in the atmosphere, the loadings of aerosols are highly variable in space and time, as a consequence of highly localized sources and of sporadic removal, mainly by precipitation.
So greenhouse gases are dispersed evenly, but aerosols (both natural and anthropogenic) are not.
Over the course of decades, adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere will lead to an enhanced greenhouse
effect by trapping additional heat in the lower atmosphere, leading to increases in temperature. On the other hand, energy by-products in the form of aerosols can reflect incoming sunlight and also make clouds more reflective and longer lasting, resulting in atmospheric cooling on a much shorter timescale. Offsetting
factors like these must be accounted for in any effective climate model.
Scientists at Brookhaven National Laboratory model anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions to understand their potential to increase atmospheric reflectance and modify global radiative heat balance.
The ultimate objective? To furnish policymakers with predictive models of sufficient detail and reliability to develop local, regional, and national policies and plans with confidence.
What does any of this have to do with "chemtrails making us sick?"
www.thebestofrawfood.com...
What are chemtrails?
Normal contrails are formed above 30,000 feet and last only a few seconds. They are created rarely and are caused by extreme heat. Designed to appear as normal contrails, chemtrails are formed between 12,000 and 20,000 feet altitude and come from spray nosels that are attached to chemtrail planes: airplanes that spray.
Originally posted by ProudBird
reply to post by Afterthought
Look.....let's show how those who keep banging on about so-called "chemtrails" will take any ridiculous claim that they find written on the Internet, and trot it out as "truth"....whilst completely ignoring actual science, and the explanations from those individuals here who actually DO have the knowledge and life experience to know crap from science
In your post on page back, you linked to this site:
www.thebestofrawfood.com...
From that, were some excerpts. THIS was first (and it is almost completley wrong):
What are chemtrails?
Normal contrails are formed above 30,000 feet and last only a few seconds. They are created rarely and are caused by extreme heat. Designed to appear as normal contrails, chemtrails are formed between 12,000 and 20,000 feet altitude and come from spray nosels that are attached to chemtrail planes: airplanes that spray.
(I say "almost", because they get this part correct, at least: "Normal contrails are formed above 30,000 feet..." The rest is a load of hogwash).
"...and last only a few seconds."
LIE. Well, a half-truth, so give them one more fraction of a point. But, the innuendo there is clear....they are lying if they mean to imply that "all" contrails only last "a few seconds".
"They are created rarely and are caused by extreme heat."
AGAIN, a mixed bag of LIE and fact. "rarely" is a LIE....."extreme heat" is descriptively somewhat correct, if inexact and a poor choice of phrase, in terms of a scientific explanation.
But, this is where it goes out intl La La Land:
"Designed to appear as normal contrails, chemtrails are formed between 12,000 and 20,000 feet altitude...."
Utter rubbish, and more LIE. Now, they just make crap up to suit their agenda.
And, this is the funniest of them all. It shows the level of intellectual prowess that they (do not) possess:
"...and come from spray nosels that are attached to chemtrail planes: airplanes that spray."
What else is there to say? Those who know better, can understand that this source is worthless as a factual presenter of information on the topic. "nosels"....? Really?
In any case, as has been pleaded many times...IF these "chemtrail planes".....planes with "nosels" attached to "spray" exist....WHERE is the evidence, and WHERE are the photos? The eyewitnesses to the airplanes on the ground, or in flight at low altitude, where they are clearly visible....takeoff and landing situations.
Where are the "whistleblowers"?
Just one verifiable and credible whistleblower? Just one?? After about 15 years, where are they?
edit on Mon 30 January 2012 by ProudBird because: (no reason given)
Dynamical influences on the distribution and loading of SO2 and sulfate over North America, the North Atlantic and Europe in April 1987. Benkovitz C. M., Miller M. A., Schwartz S. E. and Kwon O-U. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2, Paper no. 2000GC000129 (2001). www.agu.org...
Periodic episodes of very high concentrations of sulfur dioxide are believed to cause most of the
health and vegetation damage attributable to sulfur emissions. Depending on wind, temperature, humidity, and topography, sulfur dioxide can concentrate concentrate close to ground level.
Exposure to sulfur dioxide in the ambient air has been associated with reduced lung function, increased
incidence of respiratory symptoms and diseases, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and
premature mortality. Children, the elderly, and those already suffering from respiratory ailments,
such as asthmatics, are especially at risk. Health impacts appear to be linked especially to brief exposures
to ambient concentrations above 1,000 μg/ m3 (acute exposures measured over 10 minutes).
Some epidemiologic studies, however, have shown an association between relatively low annual mean
levels and excess mortality. It is not clear whether long-term effects are related simply to annual
mean values or to repeated exposures to peak values. Health effects attributed to sulfur oxides are due
to exposure to sulfur dioxide, sulfate aerosols, and sulfur dioxide adsorbed onto particulate matter.
Alone, sulfur dioxide will dissolve in the watery fluids of the upper respiratory system and be absorbed into the bloodstream. Sulfur dioxide reacts with other substances in the atmosphere to form sulfate aerosols. Since most
sulfate aerosols are part of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter, with an aerodynamic diameter of less
than 2.5 microns), they may have an important role in the health impacts associated with fine
particulates. However, sulfate aerosols can be transported long distances through the atmosphere
before deposition occurs. Average sulfate aerosol concentrations are about 40% of average fine particulate
levels in regions where fuels with high sulfur content are commonly used. Sulfur dioxide adsorbed on particles can be carried deep into the pulmonary system. Therefore, reducing concentrations of particulate matter may also reduce the health impacts of sulfur dioxide. Acid aerosols affect respiratory and sensory functions.