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Among newly-confirmed cases, Chongqing recorded an increased percentage of third-generation infections. Two cases of fourth-generation infections were reported on Feb 10, implying the infection chain is expanding with greater difficulty to curb the spread of coronavirus.
Deadly second wave
American Expeditionary Force victims of the Spanish flu at U.S. Army Camp Hospital no. 45 in Aix-les-Bains, France, in 1918
The second wave of the 1918 pandemic was much deadlier than the first. The first wave had resembled typical flu epidemics; those most at risk were the sick and elderly, while younger, healthier people recovered easily. By August, when the second wave began in France, Sierra Leone, and the United States,[83] the virus had mutated to a much deadlier form. October 1918 was the deadliest month of the whole pandemic.[84]
This increased severity has been attributed to the circumstances of the First World War.[85] In civilian life, natural selection favors a mild strain. Those who get very ill stay home, and those mildly ill continue with their lives, preferentially spreading the mild strain. In the trenches, natural selection was reversed. Soldiers with a mild strain stayed where they were, while the severely ill were sent on crowded trains to crowded field hospitals, spreading the deadlier virus. The second wave began, and the flu quickly spread around the world again. Consequently, during modern pandemics, health officials pay attention when the virus reaches places with social upheaval (looking for deadlier strains of the virus).[86]
The fact that most of those who recovered from first-wave infections had become immune showed that it must have been the same strain of flu. This was most dramatically illustrated in Copenhagen, which escaped with a combined mortality rate of just 0.29% (0.02% in the first wave and 0.27% in the second wave) because of exposure to the less-lethal first wave.[87] For the rest of the population, the second wave was far more deadly; the most vulnerable people were those like the soldiers in the trenches – young previously healthy adults.[88]
Devastated communities
A chart of deaths in major cities, showing a peak in October and November 1918
Coromandel Hospital Board (New Zealand) advice to influenza sufferers (1918)
Even in areas where mortality was low, so many adults were incapacitated that much of everyday life was hampered. Some communities closed all stores or required customers to leave orders outside. There were reports that healthcare workers could not tend the sick nor the gravediggers bury the dead because they too were ill. Mass graves were dug by steam shovel and bodies buried without coffins in many places.[89]
Several Pacific island territories were particularly hard-hit. The pandemic reached them from New Zealand, which was too slow to implement measures to prevent ships, such as the SS Talune, carrying the flu from leaving its ports. From New Zealand, the flu reached Tonga (killing 8% of the population), Nauru (16%), and Fiji (5%, 9,000 people).[90]
Worst affected was Western Samoa, formerly German Samoa, which had been occupied by New Zealand in 1914. 90% of the population was infected; 30% of adult men, 22% of adult women, and 10% of children died. By contrast, Governor John Martin Poyer prevented the flu from reaching American Samoa by imposing a blockade.[90] The disease spread fastest through the higher social classes among the indigenous peoples, because of the custom of gathering oral tradition from chiefs on their deathbeds; many community elders were infected through this process.[91]
In New Zealand, 8,573 deaths were attributed to the 1918 pandemic influenza, resulting in a total population fatality rate of 0.7%.[92] Māori were 10 times as likely to die as Europeans, because of their poorer and more crowded housing and rural population.[91]
In Ireland, the Spanish flu accounted for 10% of the total deaths in 1918.
Data analysis revealed 6,520 recorded deaths in Savannah-Chatham County, Georgia (population of 83,252) for the three-year period from January 1, 1917, to December 31, 1919. Of these deaths, influenza was specifically listed as the cause of death in 316 cases, representing 5% of all causes of death for the total time period.[93]
Less-affected areas
China experienced a relatively mild flu season in 1918 compared to other areas of the world.[94][95][96][97] This has led to speculation that the 1918 H1N1 strain of flu itself originated from China, and due to that there was greater resistance amongst the Chinese population due to acquired immunity from previous exposure.[98][99] However, the view that China's experience of the flu in 1918 was mild has also been challenged. Though there was no centralised collection of health statistics in the country at the time, some reports from its interior suggest that mortality rates from influenza were perhaps higher in at least a few locations in China in 1918.[100] However, at the very least, there is very little evidence that China as a whole, was seriously affected by the flu - at the very least compared to other countries in the world.[101] Although medical records from China's interior are lacking, there was extensive medical data recorded in Chinese port-cities, such as then British-controlled Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Peking, Harbin and Shanghai. This data was collected by the Chinese Maritime Customs Service.[102] As a whole, accurate data from China's port cities show astonishingly low mortality rates compared to other cities in Asia.[103] For example, the British authorities at Hong Kong and Canton reported a mortality rate from influenza at a rate of 0.25% and 0.32%, much lower than the reported mortality rate of other cities in Asia, such as Calcutta or Bombay, where influenza was much more devastating.[104][105] Similarly, in the city of Shanghai - which had a population of over 2 million in 1918 - there were only 266 recorded deaths from influenza among the Chinese population in 1918.[106] If we extrapolate from the extensive data recorded from Chinese cities, the suggested mortality rate from influenza in China as a whole in 1918 was likely lower than 1% - much lower than the world average (which was around 3-5%).[107] In contrast, Japan and Taiwan had reported a mortality rate from influenza around 0.45% and 0.69% respectively, higher than the mortality rate collected from data in Chinese port cities, such as Hong Kong (0.25%), Canton (0.32%), and Shanghai.[108] Some researchers have proposed that traditional Chinese medicine may have played a role in the low influenza mortality rate in China.[109]
originally posted by: toysforadults
Futures are down but the markets seem to be waiting on Biejings number
Beijing may be waiting for lunch break or market close that's how they handle bad news in the US
Or they release a story 2 minutes after regular hours close Friday
originally posted by: Wookiep
Not sure what this means, other than it's not good?
Among newly-confirmed cases, Chongqing recorded an increased percentage of third-generation infections. Two cases of fourth-generation infections were reported on Feb 10, implying the infection chain is expanding with greater difficulty to curb the spread of coronavirus.
@Globaltimes
originally posted by: tennisdawg
I had to step out for a while. Did I miss anything?