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HISTORY
OF SECRET EXPERIMENTATION
ON UNITED STATES CITIZENS
1931
Dr. Cornelius Rhoads,
under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical
Investigations, infects human subjects with cancer cells. He
later goes on to establish the U.S. Army Biological Warfare
facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named to the
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins a series
of radiation exposure experiments on American soldiers and civilian
hospital patients.
1932
The Tuskegee Syphilis
Study begins. 200 black men diagnosed with syphilis are never
told of their illness, are denied treatment, and instead are
used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the progression
and symptoms of the disease. They all subsequently die from
syphilis, their families never told that they could have been
treated.
1935
The Pellagra Incident.
After millions of individuals die from Pellagra over a span
of two decades, the U.S. Public Health Service finally acts
to stem the disease. The director of the agency admits it had
known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a niacin
deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occured
within poverty-striken black populations.
1940
Four hundred prisoners
in Chicago are infected with Malaria in order to study the effects
of new and experimental drugs to combat the disease. Nazi doctors
later on trial at Nuremberg cite this American study to defend
their own actions during the Holocaust.
1942
Chemical Warfare Services
begins mustard gas experiments on approximately 4,000 servicemen.
The experiments continue until 1945 and made use of Seventh
Day Adventists who chose to become human guinea pigs rather
than serve on active duty.
1943
In response to Japan's
full-scale germ warfare program, the U.S. begins research on
biological weapons at Fort Detrick, MD.
1944
U.S. Navy uses human subjects
to test gas masks and clothing. Individuals were locked in a
gas chamber and exposed to mustard gas and lewisite.
1945
Project Paperclip is initiated.
The U.S. State Department, Army intelligence, and the CIA recruit
Nazi scientists and offer them immunity and secret identities
in exchange for work on top secret government projects in the
United States.
1945
"Program F" is implemented
by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). This is the most
extensive U.S. study of the health effects of fluoride, which
was the key chemical component in atomic bomb production. One
of the most toxic chemicals known to man, fluoride, it is found,
causes marked adverse effects to the central nervous system
but much of the information is squelched in the name of national
security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine full-scale
production of atomic bombs.
1946
Patients in VA hospitals
are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments. In order to
allay suspicions, the order is given to change the word "experiments"
to "investigations" or "observations" whenever reporting a medical
study performed in one of the nation's veteran's hospitals.
1947
Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick
of the U.S. Atomic Energy Comission issues a secret document
(Document 07075001, January 8, 1947) stating that the agency
will begin administering intravenous doses of radioactive substances
to human subjects.
1947
The CIA begins its study
of LSD as a potential weapon for use by American intelligence.
Human subjects (both civilian and military) are used with and
without their knowledge.
1950
Department of Defense
begins plans to detonate nuclear weapons in desert areas and
monitor downwind residents for medical problems and mortality
rates.
1950
In an experiment to determine
how susceptible an American city would be to biological attack,
the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of bacteria from ships over San
Franciso. Monitoring devices are situated throughout the city
in order to test the extent of infection. Many residents become
ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.
1951
Department of Defense
begins open air tests using disease-producing bacteria and viruses.
Tests last through 1969 and there is concern that people in
the surrounding areas have been exposed.
1953
U.S. military releases
clouds of zinc cadmium sulfide gas over Winnipeg, St. Louis,
Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the Monocacy River Valley in Maryland,
and Leesburg, Virginia. Their intent is to determine how efficiently
they could disperse chemical agents.
1953
Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments
are conducted in which tens of thousands of people in New York
and San Francisco are exposed to the airborne germs Serratia
marcescens and Bacillus glogigii.
1953
CIA initiates Project
MKULTRA. This is an eleven year research program designed to
produce and test drugs and biological agents that would be used
for mind control and behavior modification. Six of the subprojects
involved testing the agents on unwitting human beings.
1955
The CIA, in an experiment
to test its ability to infect human populations with biological
agents, releases a bacteria withdrawn from the Army's biological
warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, Fl.
1955
Army Chemical Corps continues
LSD research, studying its potential use as a chemical incapacitating
agent. More than 1,000 Americans participate in the tests, which
continue until 1958.
1956
U.S. military releases
mosquitoes infected with Yellow Fever over Savannah, Ga and
Avon Park, Fl. Following each test, Army agents posing as public
health officials test victims for effects.
1958
LSD is tested on 95 volunteers
at the Army's Chemical Warfare Laboratories for its effect on
intelligence.
1960
The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff
for Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes field testing of LSD in Europe
and the Far East. Testing of the european population is code
named Project THIRD CHANCE; testing of the Asian population
is code named Project DERBY HAT.
1965
CIA and Department of
Defense begin Project MKSEARCH, a program to develop a capability
to manipulate human behavior through the use of mind-altering
drugs.
1965
Prisoners at the Holmesburg
State Prison in Philadelphia are subjected to dioxin, the highly
toxic chemical component of Agent Orange used in Viet Nam. The
men are later studied for development of cancer, which indicates
that Agent Orange had been a suspected carcinogen all along.
1966
CIA initiates Project
MKOFTEN, a program to test the toxicological effects of certain
drugs on humans and animals.
1966
U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus
subtilis variant niger throughout the New York City subway system.
More than a million civilians are exposed when army scientists
drop lightbulbs filled with the bacteria onto ventilation grates.
1967
CIA and Department of
Defense implement Project MKNAOMI, successor to MKULTRA and
designed to maintain, stockpile and test biological and chemical
weapons.
1968
CIA experiments with the
possibility of poisoning drinking water by injecting chemicals
into the water supply of the FDA in Washington, D.C.
1969
Dr. Robert MacMahan of
the Department of Defense requests from congress $10 million
to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a synthetic biological agent
to which no natural immunity exists.
1970
Funding for the synthetic
biological agent is obtained under H.R. 15090. The project,
under the supervision of the CIA, is carried out by the Special
Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's top secret biological
weapons facility. Speculation is raised that molecular biology
techniques are used to produce AIDS-like retroviruses.
1970
United States intensifies
its development of "ethnic weapons" (Military Review, Nov.,
1970), designed to selectively target and eliminate specific
ethnic groups who are susceptible due to genetic differences
and variations in DNA.
1975
The virus section of Fort
Detrick's Center for Biological Warfare Research is renamed
the Fredrick Cancer Research Facilities and placed under the
supervision of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) . It is here
that a special virus cancer program is initiated by the U.S.
Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses. It is also
here that retrovirologists isolate a virus to which no immunity
exists. It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus).
1977
Senate hearings on Health
and Scientific Research confirm that 239 populated areas had
been contaminated with biological agents between 1949 and 1969.
Some of the areas included San Francisco, Washington, D.C.,
Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.
1978
Experimental Hepatitis
B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin in New York, Los
Angeles and San Francisco. Ads for research subjects specifically
ask for promiscuous homosexual men.
1981
First cases of AIDS are
confirmed in homosexual men in New York, Los Angeles and San
Francisco, triggering speculation that AIDS may have been introduced
via the Hepatitis B vaccine.
1985
According to the journal
Science (227:173-177), HTLV and VISNA, a fatal sheep virus,
are very similar, indicating a close taxonomic and evolutionary
relationship.
1986
According to the Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences (83:4007-4011), HIV and
VISNA are highly similar and share all structural elements,
except for a small segment which is nearly identical to HTLV.
This leads to speculation that HTLV and VISNA may have been
linked to produce a new retrovirus to which no natural immunity
exists.
1986
A report to Congress reveals
that the U.S. Government's current generation of biological
agents includes: modified viruses, naturally occurring toxins,
and agents that are altered through genetic engineering to change
immunological character and prevent treatment by all existing
vaccines.
1987
Department of Defense
admits that, despite a treaty banning research and development
of biological agents, it continues to operate research facilities
at 127 facilities and universities around the nation.
1990
More than 1500 six-month
old black and hispanic babies in Los Angeles are given an "experimental"
measles vaccine that had never been licensed for use in the
United States. CDC later admits that parents were never informed
that the vaccine being injected to their children was experimental.
1994
With a technique called
"gene tracking," Dr. Garth Nicolson at the MD Anderson Cancer
Center in Houston, TX discovers that many returning Desert Storm
veterans are infected with an altered strain of Mycoplasma incognitus,
a microbe commonly used in the production of biological weapons.
Incorporated into its molecular structure is 40 percent of the
HIV protein coat, indicating that it had been man-made.
1994
Senator John D. Rockefeller
issues a report revealing that for at least 50 years the Department
of Defense has used hundreds of thousands of military personnel
in human experiments and for intentional exposure to dangerous
substances. Materials included mustard and nerve gas, ionizing
radiation, psychochemicals, hallucinogens, and drugs used
during the Gulf War.
1995
U.S.
Government admits that it had offered Japanese war criminals
and scientists who had performed human medical experiments salaries
and immunity from prosecution in exchange for data on biological
warfare research.
1995
Dr.
Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the biological agents
used during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston, TX
and Boca Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department
of Corrections.
1996
Department
of Defense admits that Desert Storm soldiers were exposed to
chemical agents.
1997
Eighty-eight
members of Congress sign a letter demanding an investigation
into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome.
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