Originally posted by Lightrule
reply to post by Ryanp5555
You sound like you are a reasonable type of person. Could you please answer the following for me. Refrain from posting your opinion, just the
facts.
What is the Law?
The law as to the Emily Good case? The law was the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. The Fourth Amendment states:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Interestingly, if you notice this Amendment could be broken up into two sections: the right to be secure and no warrants shall issue. However it has
been read by the Courts as one, fluid statement. As it pertains to her, the question is: whether or not the cop arresting her was a reasonable seizure
under the Fourth Amendment. Reasonable does not mean perfect or best way, it just means that the cop acted reasonably. In order to effectuate a
reasonable seizure, an officer must have probable cause. Probable cause is defined as: a substantial probability that the crime has been committed and
that the person to be arrested committed the crime. This means if an officer witnesses a crime being broken they have probable cause to arrest. An
arrest supported by probable cause is reasonable.
The Fourth Amendment also allows cops to make requests for the officers safety. I've listed a whole LIST of exceptions that an officer has been
deemed capable of doing in the other thread, and I'm not going to do that here. So, an officer can request that someone back up or move if they feel
that their safety could
possibly be threatened. Failure to do so, or obey the officers commands, depending on statute, could be deemed illegal.
Thus, probable cause to arrest would ensue.
If you want a general description of laws I provided one at the end.
What is a legal system?
The legal system is the system in which we adjudicate cases.Article III of the Constitution creates the United States Supreme Court and gives them
original jurisdiction over a limited number of cases. Article I of the Constitution gives Congress the power to create lower federal Courts. The Tenth
Amendment gives the States the right to create their own courts. As to the Federal Courts:
The United States Supreme Court is the Supreme Court, and thus issues Supreme rulings, on federal law issues. All federal issues arise out of the
Constitution (otherwise, there would be no power to create a Federal Statute) It cannot issue a binding decision on a state court when the state court
decides the case on independent and adequate state grounds (meaning its own state law which is clearly separate from the US Constitution). Below the
United States Supreme Court, starting at the lowest courts, are the United States District Courts. The United States is broken into 11 district
courts. Jurisdiction depends on which State you reside in. You can only bring a case into the District Court (and I'm going to keep this Civil
Procedure lesson short) if there is (1) subject matter jurisdiction; and (2) personal jurisdiction.
Subject matter jurisdiction occurs where either: (1) there is a federal statute or federal question; or (2) there is diversity of citizenship. A
Federal question arises where what is at issue is a substantial question about the constitution. Diversity of citizenship arises where the individual
plaintiffs and the individual defendants reside in different states and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. So, if you do not have that then
you cannot be brought into a federal court. Personal jurisdiction is (and I'm going to keep this SUPER short) essentially any place where the courts
have power over your person or property. Meaning if you own land, they have personal jurisdiction. So, unless you can show both personal and subject
matter jurisdiction you are not getting into federal court.
Further, for any case to be heard you must have standing. This means that you must have suffered some sort of injury that a court hearing the case
would be able to say that your injury was caused by the defendant and a ruling for you would redress your injuries. And really quickly, there are two
types of actions: civil actions and criminal actions. Civil actions include and breach of contract claims or tort claims (a tort is any other civil
action other than a contract dispute --- personal injury actions; non-criminal copyright infringement; defamation etc.). Criminal actions include any
action that is defined as a crime in the statutes or relevant laws.
Okay, after that, if you want to appeal a judgment you go to the Appellate court. This will be the appellate court for the district you are in (i.e.
9th Circuit Court of Appeals). Then, you can appeal to the US Supreme Court and they can choose to hear your case. If they want to hear your case they
will issue a writ of certiorari.
As to the State Courts, they differ. However, at the very least you will have a lower state court and a higher state court. The lower state court will
be able to hear almost any case. And the appeal process works the same.
Finally, Congress has the power to enact federal laws pursuant to Article I. Every state reserves the power to create laws with their legislature as
well. These laws are the laws that must be followed but can be challenged in federal court as to their constitutionality.
EDIT: I forgot to include enforcement of the laws. Legislative branch creates laws, judicial branch interprets and makes rulings on laws, executive
branch enforces laws. Law Enforcement Officials are considered part of the executive branch. Thus they are tasked with enforcing the laws. Thus, for a
criminal matter, they can arrest you and jurisdiction is proper than for a criminal matter. Much simpler than civil procedure.
So, in other words, the legal system is the way in which we adjudicate cases. First, by determining whether Congress enacted a relevant law. Then,
if a civil case, we determine whether you have standing to sue (if a civil issue) based on that law, or if criminal, whether you are guilty of said
crime. Then we determine what court you need to go to (federal or state -- was this a non-criminal copyright infringement civil suit? Go to federal
court. Was this a state breach of contract action? Go to state court. Was this a criminal matter in which you violated federal law? Go to federal
court? Was this a violation of state law in a criminal matter (murder of a state citizen)? Go to state court). Then we adjudicate the case in that
court based on that relevant law. And upon a final decision, you can appeal until you reach the highest court. If the highest Court hears the case,
and makes a decision, that decision is final and binding over every one.
How are they different, please explain?
Well the law in general, is simply the Constitution, Statutes, State Constitutions, State Statutes, or Common Law. Common Law is simply the laws that
the US had when the US was still colonies under British control, that we incorporated into our legal system (i.e. common law burglary was kept b/c
people would commit the crime, and at the time we had no relevant statute, so we incorporated some laws as common law in which the British kept). The
legal system is the procedures and ways in which we adjudicate cases.
I hope this makes sense.
edit on 5-7-2011 by Ryanp5555 because: (no reason given)
edit on 5-7-2011 by Ryanp5555 because: (no reason given)