Some physicists believe that the pulses of power formed in a technique called a Z-pinch may one day be a more efficient source of fusion power than magnetic confinement used by Tokamak reactors, the current leading contender for controlled nuclear fusion.

The x-ray sources on Z can produce plasmas similar to that in the very outermost layers of a star. These devices were apparently tested during the Gulf War, although detailed information on them is sparse..

The fusion of hydrogen atoms – the same mechanism that is at the heart of a Hydrogen Bomb – is generally accepted as the energy source of our Sun. Yet, if this theory were the actual source of the Sun’s energy,

a) Why is the Sun’s emission of neutrinos only about 1/3 the amount expected from fusion reactions?

b) Why is the ratio of Oxygen atoms to Carbon atoms only 2 at the Sun’s surface, when laboratory and theoretical calculations predict a much higher value?

c) If fusion powers the Sun, why does it discard 50 trillion tons of Hydrogen each year as “solar wind” trash, with traces of other elements carefully sorted by atomic weight?

d) How do deep solar magnetic fields sort elements by weight, control Earth's climate, and produce the solar wind, solar flares and gigantic solar eruptions?

e) How are we to understand the universe when, as Nobel Laureate William A. Fowler noted in 1988, “ we do not even understand how our own star really works.”?

The finding of an unexpectedly large source of energy from repulsive interactions between neutrons in the 2,850 known nuclides has challenged the assumption that H-fusion is the main source of energy that powers the Sun and other stars.

A comet that has delighted backyard astronomers in recent weeks after an unexpected eruption has now grown larger than the sun.

The sun remains by far the most massive object in the solar system, with an extended influence of particles that reaches all the planets. But the comparatively tiny Comet Holmes has released so much gas and dust that its extended atmosphere, or coma, is larger than the diameter of the sun. The comparison is clear in a new image.

the odds are pretty good that you have never even HEARD of the electric comet hypothesis (although had you lived in the 19th century, when astrophysical journals frequently discussed the electric properties of comets, you might have). This is because the space sciences throughout most of the 20th century have been constructed on the theoretical assumption that bodies in space are electrically neutral. An electric comet would strike at the foundations of the theoretical sciences today.

The Electric Universe views comets as negatively charged bodies moving through the radial electric field of the Sun, the most positively charged object in the solar system. The most energetic cometary displays occur with comets that spend the most time in the outer regions of the solar system, where they acquire a strongly negative charge. As they race toward the Sun, moving into a more positively charged environment, the nucleus will be subjected to increasing electrical stresses, eventually beginning to discharge.

Abstract—The discovery that objects from the Neolithic or Early
Bronze Age carry patterns associated with high-current Z-pinches
provides a possible insight into the origin and meaning of these ancient
symbols produced by man. This paper directly compares the
graphical and radiation data from high-current Z-pinches to these
patterns. The paper focuses primarily, but not exclusively, on petroglyphs.
It is found that a great many archaic petroglyphs can be
classified according to plasma stability and instability data. As the
same morphological types are found worldwide, the comparisons
suggest the occurrence of an intense aurora, as might be produced
if the solar wind had increased between one and two orders of magnitude,
millennia ago.

Stonehenge is one of a great many designs that have 56 and 28 fold symmetry. Around the world, designs of this type come in the form of megaliths (of which Stonehenge is the most famous example), geoglyphs (stone rings), petroglyphs (patterns carved into rock) and pictographs (patterns painted onto rock).

Why did so many ancient cultures, who could not communicated with each other, put such effort into designing remarkably similar 56 and 28 fold symmetry patterns and objects?

Well, according to a paper from plasma cosmology expert Anthony Peratt, 'A solid beam of charged particles tends to form hollow cylinders that may then filament into individual currents. When observed from below, the pattern consists of circles, circular rings of bright spots, and intense electrical discharge streamers connecting the inner structure to the outer structure...In the subgigiampere range, the maximum number of self-pinched filaments allowed before the cylindrical magnetic field will no longer split into two "islands" has found to be 56...Because the electric current-carrying filaments are parallel, they attract via the Biot-Savart force law, in pairs but sometimes three. This reduces the 56 filaments over time to 28 filaments, hence the 56 and 28-fold symmetry patterns'.

'The scaling is constant for a given hollow beam thickness, from microampere beams to multimegaampere beams and beam diameters of millimeters to thousands of kilometers, that is, the same filamentation and vortices apply to auroral plasmas...Many petroglyphs, aparrently recorded several millenia ago, have a plasma discharge or instability counterpart, some on a one-to-one or overlay basis...Such a current would be produced if the solar flux from the Sun were to increase one or two magnitudes or if another source of plasma were to enter the solar system'.

Peratt also shows that abstract, ancient artwork all have their counterparts in the evolution of Z-pinched plasma.

Furthermore, the EU theory offers an explanation for why the planet Venus plays an important role in ancient mythology. Babylonians called it 'the bearded star', Peruvians called it

The number of 56 and 28 fold symmetry objects from antiquity is manifest. These range from concentrical petroglyphs around the world to geoglyphs (stone-rings), megaliths, and other constructs. The most renowned of the 56 fold symmetric megaliths is Stonehenge.

[part c]

In Fig. 46 are overlays of these three petroglyphs on a reconstruction image of Stonehenge [65]. Each petroglyph shows slightly different detail. The top left petroglyph has apparently captured a later time image of the aurora as some of the outer dots are starting to undergo a diocotron instability rotational pairing as was also recorded on the witness plate in Fig. 45.

Both of the top overlays have recorded the inter-filament electrical streamers between the inner dot circles (electrical currents in forward synchrotron radiation light emission). The bottom-left petroglyph has recorded the streamers between the two outer dots. (The 4 O’Clock Rapids petroglyph is about 60 cm in diameter while Stonehenge is approximately 100 m in
diameter).

Through image analysis, we have recovered an outer ring of dots precisely where the Lorings found them. Three of the underside outer holes were protected and still deep. Thus, like Stonehenge, it would appear as if the outer holes were constructed much earlier than the inner holes, time enough for the
outer holes to be very nearly worn away (another possibility is
that the central features were re-worked over time).

[discussion and conclusion]

Plasma flowing in along converging magnetic fields produces a well-defined Y shape (Fig. 38). Inflowing plasma, as in an intense aurora (Fig. 4), is marked by a head of circular rings and radial rays (Figs. 4 and 43) and one or two spiral discharge channels along the length of the aurora. Beneath the head, the plasma column shows a number of patterns consisting of horizontal and helical filaments, diamond or separatrix patterns, for example, square vortex patterns as-well-as the previously shown instability shapes.

When a shock wave produced by sporadic current pulses impacts the plasma morphologies mentioned above, these morphologies are altered in striking ways by hydrodynamic instabilities (Fig. 11). Arms become wings and cups become altered by the same instability patterns. These instabilities eventually grow into three-fold pattern such as shown in Fig. 43. Experimentally, plasmas scale at least 14 orders of magnitude [9] and hypothesized to scale at least 27 orders of magnitude [34] (that is, the instabilities and the growth rates associated with microampere currents are the same, when scaled, to those found in several multimegaampere currents measured in-situ in the solar system).

Magnetic waves ripple through the Sun's outer atmosphere with enough energy to heat the region to its astonishing temperature of millions of degrees, new views from the Hinode spacecraft suggest. If correct, the waves could solve a decades-long puzzle about the source of this heat.
[snip]
Some scientists have suggested that the required energy is carried up to the corona by magnetic ripples called Alfvén waves.

Cloud-like structures in the background above the Sun churn from the passage of magnetic ripples called Alfvén waves, which may be responsible for the extreme heat of the Sun's corona. Vertical jets called spicules dance closer to the Sun's surface.

Originally posted by Dae
A rather cool update on sol!

Roiling magnetic waves explain solar enigma is an article from 'New Scientist' that is very interesting.

I have noticed that electric theories are slipping into mainstream science, however if you try to explain most things with this electric background, its rejected and ridiculed. Occam’s razor tells us that this electrical nature of the universe is the simplest and most accurate description us humans can cope with right now. Even though I believe that EU theory answers a lot of questions, it also adds a whole new host of questions... Long Live Science!

They attempt to describe the actions of plasma by means of equations that are applicable only to fluids like water - and magnetic effects. This is what Alfven called 'magneto-hydrodynamics'. They do not realize, as he did, that the prefix 'magneto' implies 'electro'. And that, in turn, explains why astrophysicists blithely talk about stellar winds, vortex trails, and bow shocks instead of electrical currents in plasmas, electrical fields, z-pinches, and double layers. It also explains why they make wrong claims about how magnetic fields must pile-up, merge, and recombine - they are simply uneducated in, and therefore understandably mystified by, this now well known area of engineering science.

Originally posted by Bluess
Everything is in a state of vibration/movement, witch can lead to waves. Magnetic socalled "pile up" creates the electric current in the vortesies/waves.

In physics, the magnetic field is a field that permeates space and which exerts a magnetic force on moving electric charges and magnetic dipoles. Magnetic fields surround electric currents, magnetic dipoles, and changing electric fields.

This is true, however the Electric currents are made by the magnetic force sourrounding the sun and filling the universe.

Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents. These currents are generated within the Sun by the flow of the Sun's hot, ionized gases.

this is true, and they apear only because of the surounding magnetic field.

Originally posted by ebe51
I think the fusion theory has been busted many times over, yet it's still the most current theory, only for the lack of having a better theory.

Well, there is another theory which was the leading theory before the fusion theory called the "gravitational collapse theory" it seems to explain more then the fusion theory...there only one problem with it. It puts a time limit on how old the sun is, about 22 million years at very latest.

The fact that we can see zillions of stars which are clearly much older than 22 million years old really does invalidate this.

And then there's the fact that the usual sequence of nuclear reactions and nucleogenisis clearly explains many observed distributions of other stars we see, not explained by any other mechanism.

And then there's the fact that we have observed solar neutrinos which are an unmistakable sign of nuclear reactions.

www.space.com...

case closed, alright?

Originally posted by mbkennel
And then there's the fact that the usual sequence of nuclear reactions and nucleogenisis clearly explains many observed distributions of other stars we see, not explained by any other mechanism.

And then there's the fact that we have observed solar neutrinos which are an unmistakable sign of nuclear reactions.

www.space.com...

case closed, alright?

Princeton researchers, working at the underground Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy, have made the first real-time observations of low-energy solar neutrinos, fundamental particles that are created by the roiling nuclear reactions inside the sun and that stream in vast numbers from the sun's core.

In stars about the size of the sun, most solar energy is produced by a complex chain of nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen into helium. These reactions can take several different routes, but they all end in the same product: sunshine.

And then there's the fact that we have observed solar neutrinos which are an unmistakable sign of nuclear reactions.