Explosive situation in Yellowstone, page 4
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reply posted on 10-8-2003 @ 01:02 PM by kukla
Another Yellowstone article this morning.
www.denverpost.com...
Highlights:
Bobbing atop Yellowstone Lake, scientists saw worrisome signs that the vents were active: The water churned with bubbles. A wide swath of water was turned opaque by finely dissolved sediments. The overpowering stench of hydrogen sulfide filled the air. And water temperatures 65 feet below the surface shot as high as 187 degrees Fahrenheit.
Dropping a submersible rover for a closer look confirmed that up to a gallon per second of shimmering water shot from hydrothermal vents as large as coffee cans.
[Edited on 18-8-2003 by kukla]
www.denverpost.com...
Highlights:
Bobbing atop Yellowstone Lake, scientists saw worrisome signs that the vents were active: The water churned with bubbles. A wide swath of water was turned opaque by finely dissolved sediments. The overpowering stench of hydrogen sulfide filled the air. And water temperatures 65 feet below the surface shot as high as 187 degrees Fahrenheit.
Dropping a submersible rover for a closer look confirmed that up to a gallon per second of shimmering water shot from hydrothermal vents as large as coffee cans.
[Edited on 18-8-2003 by kukla]
reply posted on 17-8-2003 @ 04:10 PM by dragonrider
The current geologic activity in Yellowstone appears to be much closer to the surface than would be exhibited by magma flows. At such shallow depths,
water heated by the earth is driving the changes.
"We're not searching for magmatic fluids," said Bob Smith, a geologist at the University of Utah who has studied the park for three decades. "We think this is a very shallow system."
www.bozemandailychronicle.com...
"We're not searching for magmatic fluids," said Bob Smith, a geologist at the University of Utah who has studied the park for three decades. "We think this is a very shallow system."
www.bozemandailychronicle.com...
reply posted on 22-8-2003 @ 12:20 AM by kukla
I thought I'd post the Yellowstone press release on the
4.4 quake today.
The epicenter of the shock was located near Huckleberry Mountain in northwest Wyoming, 9 miles southeast of the south entrance to Yellowstone National Park and 9 miles
northeast of Jackson Lake. The earthquake was
reported felt in Yellowstone National Park at the South
Entrance, at Grant Village and in northern Jackson
Hole.
The earthquake may be related to a tectonic fault zone
that extends south from the Red Mountains in
Yellowstone south into the Teton Wilderness.
It is unlikely that there is a connection or triggering
mechanism of the earthquake with the increased
hydrothermal activity at Norris Geyser Basin, which is
about 35 miles from the epicenter, or with
hydrothermal features in Yellowstone Lake that have
received recent publicity.
volcanoes.usgs.gov...
4.4 quake today.
The epicenter of the shock was located near Huckleberry Mountain in northwest Wyoming, 9 miles southeast of the south entrance to Yellowstone National Park and 9 miles
northeast of Jackson Lake. The earthquake was
reported felt in Yellowstone National Park at the South
Entrance, at Grant Village and in northern Jackson
Hole.
The earthquake may be related to a tectonic fault zone
that extends south from the Red Mountains in
Yellowstone south into the Teton Wilderness.
It is unlikely that there is a connection or triggering
mechanism of the earthquake with the increased
hydrothermal activity at Norris Geyser Basin, which is
about 35 miles from the epicenter, or with
hydrothermal features in Yellowstone Lake that have
received recent publicity.
volcanoes.usgs.gov...
reply posted on 24-8-2003 @ 04:08 PM by Banshee
Tonight on the Discovery Channel:
"Supervolcanoes"
8 & 11pm EST
dsc.discovery.com...
-B.
"Supervolcanoes"
One of the world's largest supervolcanoes, much more powerful than Mt. St. Helens, lies under Yellowstone National Park. The last eruption in Sumatra 70,000 years ago pushed mankind to the edge of extinction; scientists think the next is overdue.
8 & 11pm EST
dsc.discovery.com...
-B.
reply posted on 24-8-2003 @ 11:06 PM by dragonrider
The following are excerpts from a BBC program from 1999 regarding Supervolcanos and SuperCalderas, and the exact potential of destruction resulting
from an eruption.
BILL BONNICHSEN: Volcanoes will spew ash for a few tens or maybe a few hundreds of miles. This ash, and it's like two metres thick, in Nebraska is 1600 kilometres or more away from its potential source, so that's an amazing thing. There really had been no previous documentation, to my knowledge, of phenomenon like that.
ROBERT SMITH: Supervolcanoes are eruptions and explosions of catastrophic proportions.
BILL McGUIRE: When you actually sit down and think about these things they are absolutely apocalyptic in scale.
PROF MICHAEL RAMPINO (New York University): It's difficult to conceive of a, of an eruption this big.
NARRATOR: Scientists have never witnessed a supervolcanic eruption, but they can calculate how vast they are.
BILL McGUIRE: Super eruptions are often called VEI8 and this means that they sit at point 8 on what's known as a volcano explosivity index. Now this runs from zero up to 8. It's actually a measure of the violence of a volcanic eruption and each point on it represents an eruption 10 times more powerful than the previous one, so if we take Mount St. Helens, for example, which is a VEI5, we can represent that eruption by a cube of this sort of size, this represents here the amount of material ejected during that eruption. If you go up step higher and look at a VI6, something of the Santorini size for example, then we can represent the amount of material ejected in Santorini by a cube of this sort of size, but if we go up to VEI8 eruptions then we're dealing with something on an altogether different scale, a colossal eruption and you can represent a VI8, some of the biggest VI8 eruptions by a cube of this, this sort of size. It's absolutely enormous.
NARRATOR: The exact geological conditions needed to create a vast magma chamber exist in very few places, so there are only a handful of supervolcanoes in the world. The last one to erupt was Toba 74,000 years ago. No modern human has ever witnessed an eruption. We're not even sure where all the supervolcanoes are. Yellowstone National Park, North America. Ever since people began to explore Yellowstone the area was known to be hydrothermal. It was assumed these hot springs and geysers were perfectly harmless, but all that was to change.
ROBERT SMITH: The magma chamber we found extends basically beneath the entire caldera. It's maybe 40-50 kilometres long, maybe 20 kilometres wide and it has a thickness of about 10 kilometres. So it's a giant in volume and essentially encompasses a half or a third of the area beneath Yellowstone National Park. NARRATOR: The magma chamber was enormous. If it erupted it would be devastating. To discover the extent of the devastation scientists had to understand the force of the eruption. The clues to this could be found in a much smaller volcano halfway across the world: the Greek island of Santorini. The eruption here 3,500 years ago, although not VEI8 in scale, did have a small magma chamber. Professor Steve Sparks has spent much of his career studying Santorini.
NARRATOR: A terrible truth underlies all mankind's efforts to understand the vast mechanisms which drive VEI8 eruptions. Ultimately trying to find out what makes supervolcanoes work may be pointless. Consider the last one. 74,000 years ago a supervolcano erupted here in Sumatra. It would have been the loudest noise ever heard by man. It would have blasted vast clouds of ash across the world.
NARRATOR: For a long time scientists have known that volcanic ash can affect the global climate. The fine ash and sulphur dioxide blasted into the stratosphere reflects solar radiation back into space and stops sunlight reaching the planet. This has a cooling effect on the Earth. In the year following the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo for instance the average global temperature fell by half a degree Celsius. By comparing the amount of ash ejected by past volcanoes with their effect on the Earth's temperature, Rampino has estimated the impact of the Toba eruption on the global climate 74,000 years ago.
LYNN JORDE: Every event that takes place in our past, every major event, a population increase, a population decrease, or the exchange of people from one population to another changes the composition of the mitochondrial DNA in that population, so what happens is that we have a record of our past written in our mitochondrial genes.
LYNN JORDE: We expected that we would see a pattern consistent with a relatively constant population size. Instead, we saw something that departed dramatically from that expectation. We saw a pattern much more consistent with a dramatic reduction in population size at some point in our past.
NARRATOR: This confirmed what other geneticists have noticed. Given the length of time humans have existed, there should be a wide range of genetic variation, yet DNA from people throughout the world is surprisingly similar. What could have caused this? The answer is a dramatic reduction of the population some time in the past: a bottleneck.
LYNN JORDE: We imagine the population diagrammed like this. In the distant past back here we have a large population, then a bottleneck looking like this and then a subsequent enlargement of population size again, so we would have families of people in the distant past with a significant amount of genetic diversity, but when the bottleneck occurs, when there's a reduction in population size perhaps only a few of those families would survive the bottleneck.
We have a dramatic reduction in genetic diversity during this time when the population is very small and then after the bottleneck the people who would we, who we would see today would be descendants only of those who survived, so they're going to be genetically much more similar to one another reducing the amount of genetic variation.
www.bbc.co.uk...
BILL BONNICHSEN: Volcanoes will spew ash for a few tens or maybe a few hundreds of miles. This ash, and it's like two metres thick, in Nebraska is 1600 kilometres or more away from its potential source, so that's an amazing thing. There really had been no previous documentation, to my knowledge, of phenomenon like that.
ROBERT SMITH: Supervolcanoes are eruptions and explosions of catastrophic proportions.
BILL McGUIRE: When you actually sit down and think about these things they are absolutely apocalyptic in scale.
PROF MICHAEL RAMPINO (New York University): It's difficult to conceive of a, of an eruption this big.
NARRATOR: Scientists have never witnessed a supervolcanic eruption, but they can calculate how vast they are.
BILL McGUIRE: Super eruptions are often called VEI8 and this means that they sit at point 8 on what's known as a volcano explosivity index. Now this runs from zero up to 8. It's actually a measure of the violence of a volcanic eruption and each point on it represents an eruption 10 times more powerful than the previous one, so if we take Mount St. Helens, for example, which is a VEI5, we can represent that eruption by a cube of this sort of size, this represents here the amount of material ejected during that eruption. If you go up step higher and look at a VI6, something of the Santorini size for example, then we can represent the amount of material ejected in Santorini by a cube of this sort of size, but if we go up to VEI8 eruptions then we're dealing with something on an altogether different scale, a colossal eruption and you can represent a VI8, some of the biggest VI8 eruptions by a cube of this, this sort of size. It's absolutely enormous.
NARRATOR: The exact geological conditions needed to create a vast magma chamber exist in very few places, so there are only a handful of supervolcanoes in the world. The last one to erupt was Toba 74,000 years ago. No modern human has ever witnessed an eruption. We're not even sure where all the supervolcanoes are. Yellowstone National Park, North America. Ever since people began to explore Yellowstone the area was known to be hydrothermal. It was assumed these hot springs and geysers were perfectly harmless, but all that was to change.
ROBERT SMITH: The magma chamber we found extends basically beneath the entire caldera. It's maybe 40-50 kilometres long, maybe 20 kilometres wide and it has a thickness of about 10 kilometres. So it's a giant in volume and essentially encompasses a half or a third of the area beneath Yellowstone National Park. NARRATOR: The magma chamber was enormous. If it erupted it would be devastating. To discover the extent of the devastation scientists had to understand the force of the eruption. The clues to this could be found in a much smaller volcano halfway across the world: the Greek island of Santorini. The eruption here 3,500 years ago, although not VEI8 in scale, did have a small magma chamber. Professor Steve Sparks has spent much of his career studying Santorini.
NARRATOR: A terrible truth underlies all mankind's efforts to understand the vast mechanisms which drive VEI8 eruptions. Ultimately trying to find out what makes supervolcanoes work may be pointless. Consider the last one. 74,000 years ago a supervolcano erupted here in Sumatra. It would have been the loudest noise ever heard by man. It would have blasted vast clouds of ash across the world.
NARRATOR: For a long time scientists have known that volcanic ash can affect the global climate. The fine ash and sulphur dioxide blasted into the stratosphere reflects solar radiation back into space and stops sunlight reaching the planet. This has a cooling effect on the Earth. In the year following the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo for instance the average global temperature fell by half a degree Celsius. By comparing the amount of ash ejected by past volcanoes with their effect on the Earth's temperature, Rampino has estimated the impact of the Toba eruption on the global climate 74,000 years ago.
LYNN JORDE: Every event that takes place in our past, every major event, a population increase, a population decrease, or the exchange of people from one population to another changes the composition of the mitochondrial DNA in that population, so what happens is that we have a record of our past written in our mitochondrial genes.
LYNN JORDE: We expected that we would see a pattern consistent with a relatively constant population size. Instead, we saw something that departed dramatically from that expectation. We saw a pattern much more consistent with a dramatic reduction in population size at some point in our past.
NARRATOR: This confirmed what other geneticists have noticed. Given the length of time humans have existed, there should be a wide range of genetic variation, yet DNA from people throughout the world is surprisingly similar. What could have caused this? The answer is a dramatic reduction of the population some time in the past: a bottleneck.
LYNN JORDE: We imagine the population diagrammed like this. In the distant past back here we have a large population, then a bottleneck looking like this and then a subsequent enlargement of population size again, so we would have families of people in the distant past with a significant amount of genetic diversity, but when the bottleneck occurs, when there's a reduction in population size perhaps only a few of those families would survive the bottleneck.
We have a dramatic reduction in genetic diversity during this time when the population is very small and then after the bottleneck the people who would we, who we would see today would be descendants only of those who survived, so they're going to be genetically much more similar to one another reducing the amount of genetic variation.
www.bbc.co.uk...
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