Etymology ((Greek) ετυμος
etymos = real/true + λογος
logos = word) : the origin/derivation of a word, and the overall study
of that process.
(Greek) πολις
polis = city, city-state
→ political : adjective describing how the city is governed/operates
(Greek) βαρβαρος
barbaros = barbarous; a barbarian. Onomatopoeic word imitating the uncouth sounds uttered by people who didn't speak
Greek (it sounds like all they say is "bar bar bar..."). Later when the Romans showed the Greeks who their daddy was, it was conceded that a
Barbarian spoke any language aside from Greek OR Latin. But then all the educated Romans learned Greek as a 2nd language anyway).
Greek is the name of the first Hellenic tribe that the Romans encountered (in southern Italy = Magna-Graecia).
Ελληνικος
Hellenicos = Hellenic is the demonym by which the Greeks called themselves and their macro-culture.
Not strictly a genetic descriptor: there are footnotes in ancient Greek authors where they talk about certain Greek city states where they say "(these
people) before they became Greek...", which is to say: to learn to speak the Greek language, and to live in houses & city-states and assume Greek
culture.
(Latin)
civis = a citizen of some political entity (a city or city-state)
civicus = adjective describing things related to
cives citizens.
→ civic : ones behaviour or duty as a citizen.
civilis = adjective again describing things related to
cives citizens.
→ civil : how a citizen acts. ("them durn furriners! don't know how to behave like WE do in this-here city!") Note that civil behaviour could be
good, bad, or horrifying by our standards, but the "When in Rome, do like the Romans do." What was expected or commonplace behaviour at that
time/place.
socia = sharer, partner, companion, associate, spouse, ally
socialis = adjective: related to
sociae
societas = association, partnership, society
culta = tilled land
cultura = cultivation, raising (crops), care, culture
(
agri-cultura = field-cultivation, farming)
Note: this culta (farming related) is distinct from cultus = worship, reverence.
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Those were some of the original terms, and rough ideas of what they originally meant.
Fast forward to the Age of Exploration (starting around 1450), the Era of Colonialization (1500-...) and the Age of Enlightenment (1600-1800).
The educated folks of Europe necessarily learned Latin (and to a lesser extent Greek). Fun fact: Harvard did not get rid of their requirement to pass
Latin & Greek entrance exams until around 1904.
Europeans through exploration were confronted with "much to think about and explain". At this time, the Scientific method came into vogue. In
attempting to describe and study the many new Peoples they encountered, and how these hitherto unknown people lived, European scientists invented
whole fields of study such as Anthropology (the study of people) and Sociology (the study of societies). The scientific terminology is almost entirely
derived from Latin and Greek... but in doing so, the latin and greek terms were repeatedly subjected to extensions of meanings.
Bacteria growing in a Petri dish is a culture, because the crop of bacteria are raised kind of like one would raise a field of wheat.
The culture of some distant tribe, is how those people are raised, and what their resulting behaviours are.
The scientists who derived the "modern" meanings of these scientific terms, 100-300 years ago, at the height of the Enlightenment, were horribly
ethnocentric, patriarchal, and downright racist. They drank their own koolaid, and believed that they were the apex of human progress and development,
and tended to be extremely judgemental about the relative merits of different Societies.
A Civilization is a Society (a cultural group) that is typified by the construction of and living in Cities. (There can be farmers as outliers of the
Civilization, but "everybody knows that all the cool kids live in cities" or that one can encounter uncouth rustics out in the provinces ("how
provincial of you!")).
People (scientists) who KNEW that their way of life (European-ish) was the Apex of Human Progress, measured the rest of the world, and decided that
all cultures which did not build cities must be Uncivilized (literally), but then also that they must therefore be Barbarians, Savages, and *gasp* ...
Primitive.
And those cultures which DID build cities: they might be "civilized" in quotes, but if they didn't have steam-power, printing, and murder whales to
light their whale-oil-lamps, then clearly they were less-developed, backward, lesser... definitely in need of being ruled by more advanced beings like
themselves.
I'll leave the further consequences of these socio-linguistic developments to the reader's imagination.
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Edit: addendum:
Regarding the people who derived the modern meanings of terms like "Civilization": the validity of their "science" was blighted by an inability to
separate their analysis from their own ethnocentric value-systems.
and as is well known:
Uncivilized people murder each other with pointed sticks and clubs.
Civilized people murder each other with factory produced machine-guns and engineered bio-weapons.
edit on 3-5-2023 by trombleforth because: summary