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you have proof!?
originally posted by: Zaphod58
a reply to: CaptainBeno
You have proof that there's an "old weather machine"?
originally posted by: CaptainBeno
a reply to: ThePeaceMaker
I starred you because I spat my yogurt out!
Sorry.
Just watch the US back down and gently fade into the background whilst the president pays more attention to the flood damage rather than the possibility of Kim vaporizing everyone.
originally posted by: Zaphod58
a reply to: CaptainBeno
And yet none of them have come forward with actual proof, just a lot of speculation.
Controversy on the existence of the AB effect
Discussions on the physical reality of potentials, dates back to the days of M. Faraday and J. C. Maxwell. Faraday took into consideration the law of electromagnetic induction he himself discovered, that states electric and magnetic fields, E and B, were not independent quantities, but that there must exist more fundamental quantities connecting them, which he called the “electrotonic state”.
However, Faraday never found out what they were. It was Maxwell who built upon this idea. In 1856, he found that Faraday’s electrotonic state could be described by vector potentials as follows in today’s notation.
These equations tell us that both magnetic field B and electric field E can be obtained from vector potential A. A magnetic field B is produced when the spatial distribution of A has a rotation, or a vortex. An electric field E is produced when A changes with time. Maxwell believed vector potential A to be the most fundamental quantity in electromagnetism, and, in fact, called A “electromagnetic momentum”.
However, O. Heaviside and H. R. Hertz, when they reformulated Maxwell’s equations, threw away the vector potentials A. Since that time, A has been regarded as a mathematical quantity that has no physical meaning and is convenient only for calculations.
Vector potentials began to enter the central stage of physics again when a gauge theory was introduced by H. Weyl as a unified theory of gravity and electromagnetism, although his theory was rejected by A. Einstein to produce an unrealistic result. Weyl assumed that his gauge fields, or vector potentials, changed the scale of space-time, but in a new gauge theory established after the advent of quantum mechanics it became evident that vector potentials change the phase S of electrons. The unrealistic result pointed out by Einstein was found to correspond to the AB effect in this new gauge theory.
After this gauge theory became the most probable candidate for a unified theory, there arose a controvery over the existence of the AB effect.
We attempted to gather conclusive evidence for it, since the AB effect was also the fundamental principle behind our method of observing magnetic lines of force. We had to continue to conduct a series of experiments on the AB effect until 1986, since repeated objections arose about our results during the controversy.
Confirmation experiments on the AB effect
We carried out a series of experiments to clarify any ambiguities raised in the controversy, and we introduce here the last experiment, which is considered to be the most conclusive. We used a toroidal ferromagnet instead of a straight solenoid, which has inevitable leakage fluxes from both ends of the solenoid. An infinite solenoid is experimentally unattainable, but an ideal geometry with no flux leakage can be achieved by the finite system of a toroidal magnetic field. Furthermore, the toroidal ferromagnet was covered with a superconducting niobium layer to completely confine the magnetic field.
An electron wave was incident to a tiny toroidal sample fabricated using the most advanced lithography techniques, and the relative phase shift ΔS between two waves passing through the hole and around the toroid was measured as an interferogram.
Although samples that had various magnetic flux values were measured, the ΔS was either 0 or π. The conclusion is now obvious. The photograph in Fig. 2 indicates that a relative phase shift of π is produced, indicating the existence of the AB effect even when the magnetic fields are confined within the superconductor and shielded from the electron wave. An electron wave must be physically influenced by the vector potentials.