The expansion as you say happens in many ways and each is different. For the sake of this post I will assume that both the big bang theory, and the
expansion theory both are correct. I am myself on the fence regarding both of them.
As for speed of light, that is a problem onto itself, and I will touch on it at the end of this post.
First the expansion in regards to the big bang, The Big Bang was an explosion so to speak, and as with any explosion all the pieces of matter race
away from the center, but clumps of matter do not "explode" any more.
In this regard the distance between planets, stars, galaxies, and so on will slowly increase, but individual planets, your computer screen, you or the
ruler will not expand so to speak, and this change is measurable easily.
Now, the expansion in regards to the expansion theory. This states that space itself is expanding. In this sense the individual items are not "racing"
away from any center or each other for that matter.
In this regard, it is the space itself that is expanding, that includes the space between atoms, molecules, items, planets, stars, and galaxies will
all expand. This expansion should be uniform, but does not need to be. With this kind of expansion you, your pc monitor, the ruler, and everything
else will expand, and because the ruler itself is expanding this type of expansion is difficult to measure, and will often seem that there is no
expansion.
One way to "measure" this is if the light from a particular source (say a star) is detected at a place where it should not have arrived by traveling
at its constant speed.
For example a one year old light is detected 2 light years from its source, that means that the distance between the source and the detected light has
expanded.
I hope that was informative enough, and answers your questions.
Now for the thing that is called the so called "constant" speed of light. This is such a thing that even if it changes it will stay the same. If the
speed of light were to change it would still stay the same. I will explain.
To calculate the speed of light one needs to know the
distance traveled by the light in some time (say a second). Now the SI unit for measuring
distance is the
Meter. but what is a meter? Its not from one end of a meter stick to another, not fundamentally anyway.
The metre (or meter), symbol m, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Originally intended to be one ten-millionth
of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole (at sea level), its definition has been periodically refined to reflect growing knowledge
of metrology.
Since 1983, it is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in 1⁄299,792,458 of a second.
link
Emphasis added, look at the bold part. This defining the meter by the speed of light, and then using the same meter to measure the speed of said
light, has us running around in circles. This means that a meter is not really constant, it is only constant as long as speed of light is constant, if
speed of light changes, it means that according to definition, the meter will change and speed of light will remain the same.
So if speed of light were to double overnight and the light from the sun then reached us in 4 minutes instead of 8, according to definition, we will
say speed of light is still the same, but distance between sun and earth (and everything for that matter) has halved, because really the meter will
then be twice as long as it is now.
edit on 4/23/2011 by kaleshchand because: (no reason given)