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Women who change their name after marriage could face fines of up to £1,000 if they fail to tell the government, under new proposals.
Anyone with a biometric passport or ID card will be required to notify the National Identity Register of changes to the personal data it holds.
The £30 fixed fee for an ID card is likely to rise after 2010, draft laws published earlier also reveal.
And people undergoing a sex change will be entitled to two ID cards.
providing false information, tampering with the register, giving out people's data without authorisation and holding false ID documents will be a criminal offence.
Shadow home secretary Dominic Grieve, for the Conservatives, said the consultation document showed the ID scheme is "truly the worst of all worlds - expensive, intrusive and unworkable".
"At a time of economic hardship, the public will be dismayed that the government plans to fine innocent people for inaccuracies on the government's own database, using summary powers vested in the home secretary.
"The home secretary has confirmed the worst element of the scheme - a single, mammoth and highly vulnerable database exposing masses of our personal details to criminal hackers.
"Worse still, she has magnified the scope for fraud by allowing spot fines to be issued by email."
The consultation document states fines are "not intended to be punitive or revenue raising".
There will be no penalties, civil or criminal, for not applying for an ID card.
"There is some very nasty stuff buried in the fine print of this consultation document. Basically, you have to tell them everything they want to know about you under threat - and pay for the privilege."
Identity checks will normally rely on the biometric data held on cards and passports rather than the National Identity Register
"Verification checks of biometrics identifiers will be made against the card in most cases using the biometrics stored in the chip, for example if the facial image or fingerprint biometrics are verified as part of an immigration check at the border," said Hillier in a parliamentary written answer on 17 November 2008.
"Only in specific circumstances, for example if an ID card has been lost, would verification of identity take place against the biometrics held on the National Identity Register. Such checks will provide a very secure and reliable means of proving identity."
Hillier was responding to questions from Labour MP Lynne Jones about the use of biometrics in the scheme. Databases of biometrics become less reliable for picking out a single individual as they grow in size, as the chance of a false match grows with every extra member.