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The Bible tells us that this process began when the 12 Israelite tribes united under the kings Saul, David and Solomon to form a great kingdom, centered in Jerusalem, sometime in the 11th 10th century B.C.E. The so-called United Monarchy fractured after Solomon’s death, with the great king’s son, Rehoboam, retaining control only over Judah and Jerusalem while the rebellious northern tribes broke away to form the Kingdom of Israel under a ruler named Jeroboam.
However, many scholars doubt that there was a United Monarchy to begin with.
There is little hard evidence of this great kingdom, which was likely an ideology-driven description of the Jerusalemite scribes who compiled this part of the Bible, probably in the late 7th century B.C.E., hundreds of years after the days of David and Solomon.
So if the biblical story on the United Monarchy and its breakup cannot be taken as history, how did the very real and historically-attested kingdoms of Israel and Judah form?
One compelling new theory suggests it may have to do with the involvement in the affairs of Canaan of a pharaoh named Sheshonq, or Shishak, depending who you ask.
Jeroboam is described as an official who led a failed rebellion against Solomon and found refuge at Shishak’s court to escape the Israelite king’s wrath (1 Kings 11). Jeroboam then returned to Canaan upon hearing of Solomon’s death and led the people against Rehoboam, successfully breaking away and forming the northern kingdom (1 Kings 12).
In the Septuagint, the earliest Greek translation of the Bible, there are additional verses about Jeroboam’s stay in Egypt that were not included in the traditional Hebrew text. In this version, Jeroboam’s connection to Shishak/Sheshonq is even stronger: he marries the pharaoh’s sister-in-law, who bears him a son.
Why does a spirit need a spaceship? LOL
In the Septuagint, the earliest Greek translation of the Bible, there are additional verses about Jeroboam’s stay in Egypt that were not included in the traditional Hebrew text. In this version, Jeroboam’s connection to Shishak/Sheshonq is even stronger: he marries the pharaoh’s sister-in-law, who bears him a son.