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The former rebel commander has guided his homeland of Southern Sudan through multiple challenges since a 2005 peace deal ended two decades of war with the north.Since becoming the south's leader later that year, much of his focus has been on ensuring the south's referendum on full independence - the climax of that peace agreement - does take place.As such, he has had to tread an often difficult line in negotiations with former enemies in the north.Mr Kiir is also vice-president of all Sudan, but he has long supported full independence for the south. In 2009, he made his feelings clear, saying: "The upcoming referendum is a choice between being a second-class in your own country, or a free person in your independent state."
Any group or individual can declare their own nation, but without recognition from other states, this can be a futile gesture. Even with international assent, there can be problems. Says Louise Arimatsu, an international law expert at London's Chatham House, South Sudan is unlikely to meet resistance since its so-called parent state -- Sudan -- has agreed to the secession. This was not the case when Serbia refused to accept Kosovo's declared independence in 2008, resulting in delays bringing Kosovo into the United Nations fold. South Sudanese officials say they are on track for recognition by the U.N., the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other key bodies.
Countries need borders, and it is here that South Sudan is going where no new nation has gone before, testing a principle of international law known as uti possidetis. Under this rule all new states have been drawn along pre-existing boundaries. East Timor, for instance, reclaimed pre-colonial boundaries when it emerged from Indonesian occupation at the end of the last century. South Sudan, however, will carve a new frontier with its northern neighbor along lines still fiercely disputed due to access to oil resources.