While searching in the desert southwest for ancient sacred sites, Jim Krehbiel a chairman of Ohio Wesleyan University's art department discovered a
remarkable site. Tucked into the remote canyons and mesas was a ancient religious ritual site that was nearly impossible to get at. Mr. Krehbiel with
the help of climbing rope had to lower himself down into the Kiva to see what it was he had found.
en.wikipedia.org...
www.dispatch.com...
 Jim Krehbiel was up past midnight making a piece of art by layering maps and field notes onto photos he had taken of an ancient ritual site high
on a cliff ledge in the desert Southwest. He looked at the image of the kiva and remembered how the ruins were nearly inaccessible. Krehbiel had to
lower himself on a rope to reach them. Why, he wondered that night in the fall of 2007, would anyone build something so important in such a remote
spot among the canyons and mesas? It was then that the chairman of Ohio Wesleyan University's art department found himself at the conjunction of
archaeology and astronomy. Story continues below Advertisement Perhaps, he thought, the site was an observatory; a place to help religious leaders
keep track of the solstices, time rituals and plantings. "Their world around them is absolute, total chaos," Krehbiel said. "They were really at
the mercy of the elements. "So where do they go for something that's predictable, that remains the same, that you can count on: The sky and the
relationship of those things on the horizon." A discussion with Barbara Andereck, a professor of astronomy and physics at Ohio Wesleyan, put
Krehbiel on a path that would help him test his ideas about the remote kivas he visited each summer. Krehbiel was stepping into archeo-astronomy, the
study of the ways ancient cultures tracked the sky's movements. The science has been gaining acceptance as a branch of archaeology since the 1970s.
England's Stonehenge, for example, is well known for its alignments with astronomical phenomena. In Ohio, archaeologists agree that ancient mound
builders lined up some works with the movements of the sun and the moon. In the Southwest, the most famous site is the Chaco Sun Dagger. The sun and
moon shine through the spaces between slabs of rock to make slashes of light on a spiral carving in conjunction with the solstices and the movements
of the moon. But no one had identified such alignments at hundreds of remote ruins that dot the canyons of southeastern Utah. One of Andereck's
students, Natalie Cunningham, was looking for a senior project in 2008 and agreed to help Krehbiel. "I had to do a lot of math to go back into the
past and see where the sun and moon were," said Cunningham, who was studying English and astrophysics. In the summer of 2008, Krehbiel took
Cunningham to Utah to take readings. Back at the kiva he'd pondered on that fall night, Krehbiel set up his transit and sighted in on a gap in the
opposite canyon rim where he thought the winter solstice sun might rise. Instead, he found that the moon rises there during an event called the major
lunar standstill, which occurs every 18.6 years. The major standstill occurs when the moon rises and sets in its longest arc across the horizon --
the lunar version of the annual summer solstice when the sun makes its longest arc across the sky. But they also found that the calculations
Cunningham made in relatively flat Ohio only went so far in the canyons of Utah. The cliff-top kiva is on a relatively flat plane with the features
on the opposite canyon rim and with the horizon, so the calculations were close enough to work there. But they didn't work for kivas deep inside a
canyon.Because the canyon rim is high above, the sun and moon don't appear to observers at those sites until they're far above the true horizon.
Since they cross the sky in an arc, the sun and moon appeared in a different spot than Cunningham had calculated. "I said 'Oh, crap, it's not
nearly good enough,' " said Cunningham, who is now at the University of Arizona pursuing a graduate degree in nonfiction writing. She found a
better model that summer in a book published in 1942 by the U.S. Navy: Spherical Trigonometry with Naval and Military Applications. Now she could
derive an equation that took the arc of the sky into consideration. "We went back out in October of 2008 and re-examined the sites," Krehbiel said.
"We had the spherical trig charts in hand, and everything just fell into place." They have found alignments for solstices, equinoxes and major and
minor lunar standstills at 29 sites so far. Krehbiel takes sightings only from spots where the cliff-dwellers left a sign, such as a spiral carving
or a basin chipped out of the rock. He doesn't always find alignments with distinct features on the horizon. About 30 percent of the sites he's
checked showed none, he said. Jeff Dean, a professor at the University of Arizona in Tucson, has spent decades using tree-ring data to fix when
archaeological sites throughout the Southwest were built. He took a look at Krehbiel's work recently and said it makes sense to him. "I don't know
of anybody that actually measured these things to the extent that he and his colleagues are doing," Dean said. "He picks plausible places to set up
the equipment, they're making calculations based on certain techniques and they're also concerned about any variation put in place by the date."
Noreen Fritz, an archaeologist with the National Park Service, has asked Krehbiel to write reports on his findings on seven sites in the parks she
oversees in southeastern Utah. "He's looking at these sites with fresh eyes," she said. "One was a site we work at regularly. You always walk by
these upright stones, but it turns out they're sighting stones." In June, Cunningham hiked up to a kiva with Krehbiel to watch the sun set on the
summer solstice. She calculated that they'd see it set through a rock window if they set up near a handprint marking. They arrived about a half an
hour early, but the position of the sun worried them. "It was pretty far to the left," Cunningham said. "We kept saying 'It's not going to hit
that window.' We were in a bit of a panic." Still, they set up the camera and the tripod. Then, just at the right time, the sun blazed through the
rock window, shining onto the shrine. Krehbiel will deliver an illustrated lecture about his work from 7 to 9 p.m. Thursday at Slater Hall Auditorium
on the campus of Denison University in Granville.
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Interesting, it would be nice to know conclusively what kind of cerimonies were held. Does anyone know of ancient site near by that might depict
something or shed some light?
Star and flag
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Sorry I don't know too much about their ceremonies. Hopefully someone with knowledge on Pueblo culture can help out.
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I cant find much info about what goes on at the ceremonies in the Kiva's, I believe these were like modern day churches and other places of
worship.
www.essortment.com...
As they developed aboveground storage facilities, the Anasazis began to build grand houses into the stones, acquiring new living quarters and
using their former underground dwellings as "spiritual centers" called "kivas." The kiva, used for religious teaching and rituals the Anasazi
practiced, became a meeting place for the tribes and clans. The center of the kiva contained a hole, which is said to have symbolized the "sipapa,"
the place of origin through which Anasazi ancestors first emerged into this world. Throughout the ages, the kiva has remained a sacred site, a place
of spiritual energy and space.
I couldn't find anything for"sipapa" not sure if this was misspelled, however I did find a match for Sipapu.
en.wikipedia.org...
Sipapu, a Hopi word, is a small hole or indentation in the floor of kivas used by the Ancient Pueblo Peoples and modern-day Puebloans. It
symbolizes the portal through which their ancient ancestors first emerged to enter the present world.
The sipapu is the small round hole in the floor of the kiva ruin. The larger round hole in the floor is a fire pit. Observe that the air intake
(little rectangular door in the wall), the stones that block air from the air intake, the fire pit and the sipapu are all in a line; this aspect of
the design was intentional. Photo taken at Long House, Mesa Verde National Park.
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