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Humans in a future Mars mission will have unique capabilities in recognizing likely sites and specific local physical features that might harbor life or otherwise be of very high interest and in deciding which sites should be sampled, and in ongoing evaluations of exploration conditions.
At present, it is not easy to apply definitions of Earth life to possible Martian life. Life on Earth has been found in locations with temperature, physical, radiation, and/or chemical environments previously thought to be incompatible with life. Some Martian life (and other non-terrestrial life) potentially may also exist in forms and in locations we cannot now fully predict.
Further study must be given to long-term forward PP concerns and the possible interaction of any forward contaminants with surface features and disturbances on Mars, given that it will be difficult to guarantee all human life processes and mission operations are conducted within entirely closed systems. Such information may be key to understanding the risks involved and the level of closure needed for these systems. There may be critical emerging issues regarding possible ecological developments on Mars associated with how Earth organisms can act and possibly evolve in the presence of Martian materials.
Describe the potential impacts of each of the many human support activities expected in the operation of a human-occupied Martian base, e.g. breathing oxygen, food supply, waste management, etc.
Develop technology required for life detection and potential pathogen detection (e.g. DNA/RNA) with a focus on sensitivity and specificity of tests as needed to answer “how clean is clean enough?” and “how ‘alive’ is indeed alive?”.
Communications with the public, via two separate workshops, one on the general public response to the detection of extraterrestrial life on Mars (or elsewhere away from Earth), and the other on planning to prepare the public for the possible discovery of non-terrestrial life.