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José de San Martín, (born Feb. 25, 1778, Yapeyú, viceroyalty of Río de la Plata [now in Argentina]—died Aug. 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fr.), Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).
From 1785 to 1789 he was educated at the Seminary of Nobles in Madrid, leaving there to begin his military career as a cadet in the Murcia infantry regiment. For the next 20 years he was a loyal officer of the Spanish monarch, fighting against the Moors in Oran (1791); against the British (1798), who held him captive for more than a year; and against the Portuguese in the War of the Oranges (1801). He was made captain in 1804.
One possible explanation for this startling change of allegiance on the part of a soldier who had sworn fealty to Spain is that it was prompted by British sympathizers with the independence movement in Spanish America and that San Martín was recruited through the agency of James Duff, 4th Earl of Fife, who had fought in Spain (and who caused San Martín to be made a freeman of Banff, Scot.).
Three years later he embarked his army in ships assembled by Lord Cochrane, a brilliant, if self-serving, British naval commander operating as a privateer, and landed in Peru. But Peru was a divided society, and San Martín believed his army of 4,500 was too small to defeat royalist forces roughly double its size.
Three years later he embarked his army in ships assembled by Lord Cochrane, a brilliant, if self-serving, British naval commander operating as a privateer, and landed in Peru. But Peru was a divided society, and San Martín believed his army of 4,500 was too small to defeat royalist forces roughly double its size.
Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) - Simon Bolivar was one of South America's greatest generals. His victories over the Spaniards won independence for Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
Bolivar was born in July 24, 1783, at Caracas, Venezuela. His parents died when he was a child and he inherited a fortune. As a young man, he traveled in Europe.
As he returned to Venezuela, Bolivar joined the group of patriots that seized Caracas in 1810 and proclaimed independence from Spain. He went to Great Britain in search of aid, but could get only a promise of British neutrality.
Bolívar's dream had been to engender an American Revolution-style federation among all the newly independent republics, with a government set up solely to recognize and uphold the rights of the individual.[
According to the historians Jules Mancini, the Marques de Villa Urrutia and Americo Carcinelli, Bolivar was initiated in 1803 in the Masonic Lodge “Lautaro” which operated in Cadiz, Spain, and where Jose De San Martin, Bernardo O’Higgins, Jose Marra Zapiola, Carlos Marra De Alvear and Mariano Moreno among other South American Founding Fathers were initiated.
These three historians coincide in affirming that the year in which Bolivar was inducted into the Order was 1803; However, the Spanish Historian Urrutia, though concurring with the same year, he strongly points out that Bolivar’s Lodge of initiation was not called “Lautaro”, but “Rational Knights”.
In the late 1970s, after the most celebrated death of that monster, Francisco Franco (anointed arch-enemy of Free-Masonry) and the consequential official re-surfacing of the Craft in Spain, the Spanish Grand Orient was able to investigate, discover and prove that, in fact, there were two rather distinct Masonic Lodges operating in Cadiz around 1803, one called “Lautaro” and the other “Rational Knights”. The confusion arose from the constant fraternal visits that Bolivar made to the latter.
The Lodge Lautaro was founded in 1800 by the Venezuelan Francisco De Miranda while residing in London, and while devising plans for a Liberating Expedition in Venezuela. Knowing of Miranda’s “Ultra Liberal” thinking for a Revolutionary and Intellectual of his time, it is accepted that his suggestion of “Lautaro” was in clear homage to the Araucanian Chief, whom in 1554, defeated the conquistadors headed by Valdivia in Tucapel, Chile.
Even though Miranda could not be physically present at the Lautaro Lodge in Cadiz, due to having a price on his head by the Spanish Crown, he was able to access it in the form of written correspondence brought by fellow free-masons traveling from London to the Iberian Peninsula.
Later on, Jose De San Martin founded another Lautaro Lodge in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in memory of their “Mother Lodge” in Cadiz. And shortly thereafter he did the same in Santiago de Chile and Lima, Peru, thus creating a hot-bed of patriots needed in the struggle for independence.
Originally posted by Trueman
reply to post by Dogdish
Thank you, I"m already working on the chapter 2 and honestly I don't know how many more to comeedit on 31-3-2012 by Trueman because: (no reason given)
Originally posted by cavtrooper7
Funny ,South America is where everyone is trying to move to from the US, because of the coming whatever.