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Solar radiation management (SRM)
•Albedo enhancement: Increasing the reflectivity of clouds or the land surface so that more of the Sun's heat is reflected back into space
•Space reflectors: Blocking a small proportion of sunlight before it reaches the Earth
•Stratospheric aerosols: Introducing small, reflective particles into the upper atmosphere to reflect some sunlight before it reaches the surface of the Earth
Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)
•Afforestation: Global-scale tree-planting efforts
•Biochar: Burning biomass (plant material) and burying it so that its carbon is locked up in the soil
•Bio-energy with carbon capture and sequestration: Growing biomass, burning it for energy and capturing and locking away the CO2 generated in the process
•Ambient air capture: Building machines that can remove CO2 directly from ambient air and store it elsewhere
•Ocean fertilisation: Adding nutrients to the ocean in selected locations to increase marine food production, which draws down CO2 from the atmosphere
•Enhanced weathering: Exposing large quantities of minerals that react with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and storing the resulting compounds in the oceans or soil
•Ocean alkalinity enhancement: Grinding up, dispersing, and dissolving rock types such as limestone, silicate, or calcium hydroxide in the ocean to increase its ability to store carbon and directly ameliorate ocean acidification
The most scrutinised technology so far has been ocean fertilization, which involves using iron to stimulate phytoplankton growth in the ocean, increasing the uptake of CO2.