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Peter Mansfield contributed to use of the phenomenon to create images of the human body's interior.
Raymond Damadian's intense curiosity and passion for science led him to create one of the most useful diagnostic techniques of our time—magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. This procedure allows doctors to non-invasively map the human body in meticulous detail. For this invention and subsequent development of the MRI scanner, Raymond Damadian was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Program's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001........Damadian has received over 45 patents (some co-invented) for improvements to his MRI scanner. Among his innovations are a full-sized MRI [operating room that allows unrestricted patient access and can fit a surgical team and equipment, and the Stand-Up MRI™
originally posted by: Klassified
a reply to: Blue_Jay33
As someone who does not believe in God or gods, I don't believe evolution is the only answer to explain anatomically modern humans. There may be more to the story than we are presently aware of.
The next step towards MRI would come over ten years later, in 1969, when Dr. Raymond Damadian hypothesized that cancerous cells could be differentiated from non-cancerous ones using magnetic resonance.2,3 He theorized that cancerous cells hold more water and would show up in MR due to the increased number of hydrogen atoms in relation to the extra water. Damadian performed an experiment with both cancerous and normal rats. His study, conducted at the NMR Specialties company and published in 1971, would prove his theory.
All three scientists also developed techniques for creating these images. Damadian's method involved the creation of a human scanner. Lauterbur's method was projection reconstruction method and is partly used for motion reconstruction in today's MRI scans. Mansfield's method was called line scanning and involved scanning pieces of the structure, which combine to make the image. Mansfield was able to image a student's finger in 15-23 minutes in 1974.10
The race to create the first whole-body MRI scanner began shortly thereafter, with both Damadian and Mansfield participating. Three years later, Damadian created the first whole-body human scanner in May of 1977.2,3 This system was named "Indomitable". These images were significantly more detailed than those produced by X-ray and CAT scanners.1 By the end of 1978, Damadian had founded his MRI scanner manufacturing company, Fonar. Six years later the device was approved for use by the FDA.
originally posted by: Nothin
originally posted by: Klassified
a reply to: Blue_Jay33
As someone who does not believe in God or gods, I don't believe evolution is the only answer to explain anatomically modern humans. There may be more to the story than we are presently aware of.
What ??
Are you suggesting that we, or some other members : don't know everything ?
Unknown unknowns, and all that ?
a reply to: BernnieJGato
In comments to Science magazine, George Radda, an MRI expert at the University of Oxford (U.K.), said, "Damadian published some early papers outlining the concept," but that Damadian's idea for detecting cancerous tissue "did not lead to today's MRI" (see "Physicists Honored ..." in the bibliography).
Radda said Lauterbur and Mansfield deserved the award from Nobel, the dean of dynamite: "There is no question that these are the right two people."
Via email, Alexander Pines, an MRI expert at the University of California, Berkeley, concurred: ''...the award of the Nobel Prize to Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield is deeply deserved and long overdue. In a creative leap of genius in the 1970s, working independently, they conceived of, and implemented, a novel approach to imaging that employs NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance] in the presence of magnetic field gradients. They demonstrated, using gradients varying in space and time, together with sequences of pulses and appropriate mathematical analysis of the signals, that the spatial distributions of the molecules of matter and tissue could be encoded and represented in the frequencies of non-ionizing, benign radio waves." Their methods made it "possible to visualize the insides of intact objects and subjects, forming the basis of what today is known as MRI."
M. Daniel Raftery, an NMR expert at Purdue University, says even Damadian's original claim for detecting cancer cells, "has a kind of mixed history. There was some activity in the area for while, and they found that the experiments were not correct. Only more recently, now that techniques have become more sensitive, can some types of cancer be detected with MR." (Raftery is talking about detecting cancer cells; MR has long been able to show tumor masses, which appear as abnormal growths that may or may not be cancerous.)
The Nobel committee, Raftery says, "did the right thing. ... I was under the impression that they were waiting for a long time; .... the question was, could they discern who had made the big impact? ...Damadian was looking at a small part of the picture."
We've already cited "The Pioneers of NMR," which called Damadian the inventor of medical MR, but that book has attracted serious flak. In a 1997 review, Paul R. Moran, a retired MRI expert from Wake Forest University, described the chapter on Damadian as "astonishingly biased, written as if to sell a political candidate." Although Damadian had written an interesting paper in 1971, Moran wrote, "It is truly ludicrous to propose then, that Damadian's scientific contributions even remotely approach the achievements of Lauterbur, Mansfield and their colleagues."
Now that this is cleared up lets get back on topic please.
In 1977, Mansfield's team created the first MRI image of a live human body part, a cross-section of a student's finger. This enabled the group to obtain funding for a magnet large enough to scan the entire human body. In 1978, Mansfield and his team were confident enough in the scanner they had built to image a human — although they had concerns that the large magnetic field could induce a heart attack. Mansfield was the brave guinea pig, and became the first person to have their abdomen imaged using the relatively speedy technique of line-scan MRI.
originally posted by: TerraLiga
I believe the people who invented the steam engine, automobile and microchip were also religious, but that does not prove the existence of anything supernatural...
originally posted by: alldaylong
a reply to: Blue_Jay33
Now that this is cleared up lets get back on topic please.
Cleared up ? I don't think so.
In 1977, Mansfield's team created the first MRI image of a live human body part, a cross-section of a student's finger. This enabled the group to obtain funding for a magnet large enough to scan the entire human body. In 1978, Mansfield and his team were confident enough in the scanner they had built to image a human — although they had concerns that the large magnetic field could induce a heart attack. Mansfield was the brave guinea pig, and became the first person to have their abdomen imaged using the relatively speedy technique of line-scan MRI.
Mansfield was the first human to step inside the machine.
www.nature.com...-info
originally posted by: Fatboy527
If evolution did not exist...we would still be in the middle ages...or further back. We live longer now because medicine has evolved, we are where we are because WE have evolved in every aspect of humanity....A creator or simulation...those damn Matix movies has really mucked it up for some. And religion mucked it up for everybody else.a reply to: Gothmog
originally posted by: jerich0
If the theory of evolution is wrong, and this human form we have has been as is since the dawn of time, then I want a word the the manufacturer, and slap the snot out of him for making such a busted up design... stupid noob couldn't even let us look at the sun.
originally posted by: Blue_Jay33
a reply to: alldaylong
However you have been corrected by a number of other posters as well, move on to the topic at hand, and stop derailing the thread.
The worlds first full-body MRI Scanner is on permanent display at The Suttie Arts Space, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. The story of MRI began in Aberdeen in the early 1960s, when a young researcher named John Mallard studied the magnetic properties of electrons in tissue samples. John Mallard moved to Aberdeen in 1965, to take up the newly-created Chair of Medical Physics. Professor Mallard was still very interested in the possible medical uses of magnetic resonance, and he appointed Jim Hutchison to work on this. In the early 1970s Jim started putting together equipment to measure magnetic resonance signals from hydrogen in tissue sample
originally posted by: Klassified
a reply to: Blue_Jay33
As someone who does not believe in God or gods, I don't believe evolution is the only answer to explain anatomically modern humans. There may be more to the story than we are presently aware of.