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originally posted by: Amagnon
As many probably know, the Rosetta explorer spacecraft is about to launch a lander to the surface of the comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 12th Nov 2014.
I will make some predictions regarding the outcome of this attempt. A comet carries an enormous negative electrical charge.
Because the Rosetta has been in orbit for some time, it may have equalized charge with the comet, however it is also quite possible that the comet will be far more electrically negative than the lander.
As the lander approaches, dust gas and plasma are likely to move out from the comet and create an electrical connection to the lander. This dust and so on is likely to interfere with the optical systems on the lander, covering lenses with dust.
If the lander has not equalized charge with the comet, and if this plasma and dust is thick enough, an electrical discharge may occur and strike the lander.
If the lander is already equalized electrically with the comet after its time in orbit, then the two objects will both be highly negatively charged. This will create a 'mysterious anti-gravitational force' as the lander approaches the comet.
Of course, its not a mystery, its the electrostatic force, this may interfere with the landers ability to approach the comet as desired. If the lander does not carry any means of thrust, this repulsive force may prevent it from getting close enough to use its harpoons.
The other effect is that charge may move around on the lander, and the area that is most conductive will become electrically positive, which may cause an unexpected change in orientation of the vehicle - ie. the lander might suddenly flip over.
In any event, the landing is likely to be more difficult than expected, and may end with a bright flash (of electrical discharge) and a loss of signal.
originally posted by: Amagnon
I will make some predictions regarding the outcome of this attempt. A comet carries an enormous negative electrical charge.
Because the Rosetta has been in orbit for some time, it may have equalized charge with the comet, however it is also quite possible that the comet will be far more electrically negative than the lander.
As the lander approaches, dust gas and plasma are likely to move out from the comet and create an electrical connection to the lander. This dust and so on is likely to interfere with the optical systems on the lander, covering lenses with dust. If the lander has not equalized charge with the comet, and if this plasma and dust is thick enough, an electrical discharge may occur and strike the lander.
If the lander is already equalized electrically with the comet after its time in orbit, then the two objects will both be highly negatively charged. This will create a 'mysterious anti-gravitational force' as the lander approaches the comet.
Of course, its not a mystery, its the electrostatic force, this may interfere with the landers ability to approach the comet as desired. If the lander does not carry any means of thrust, this repulsive force may prevent it from getting close enough to use its harpoons. The other effect is that charge may move around on the lander, and the area that is most conductive will become electrically positive, which may cause an unexpected change in orientation of the vehicle - ie. the lander might suddenly flip over.
When sufficient information on the target has been collected and analyzed, a scenario will be worked out,
based on a separation from the main spacecraft in orbit (it is desirable to perform this at low altitudes, i.e. 1 to
2 km), lander attitude stabilization with an internal flywheel, the optional use of a one axis cold gas system
(propelling the lander “downwards”) and allowing sufficient time to perform system relevant tasks (e.g.
unfolding of the landing gear) as well as the collection of science data.
A typical descent will take 30 min to 2 hours. Mission analysis shall provide a solution where the Lander z-axis as well as the impact velocity vector are both vertical to the comet surface at the landing site.
However, local slopes up to 30° can be tolerated by the landing system (although the robustness of the landing
depends on the impact velocity).
At touch-down, the cold gas system will provide downward-thrust and the anchoring harpoons will be
fired. The harpoons, on a tether, shall provide good fixation to ground for a wide range of surface
parameters for the rest of the mission [19].
Additional anchoring will be provided by ice-screws implemented in the feet of the Lander.
In any event, the landing is likely to be more difficult than expected, and may end with a bright flash (of electrical discharge) and a loss of signal.
originally posted by: Amagnon
A comet carries an enormous negative electrical charge.
originally posted by: Amagnon
a reply to: OccamsRazor04
Without all the data, you cannot predict precise results. You say the mission has a 70% chance of success, I am also saying there is a chance that the lander will not be completely electrically equalized before its approach.
I simply don't know whether the craft has had sufficient contact with material around the comet to allow electrical neutrality - if so, then it will be repelled by the comet, if not it will be pulled in and its orientation will be at the mercy of its geometry, and it will neutralize rapidly. Without knowing the plasma density and charge difference, how could anyone calculate whether there is enough potential to create an arc?
These statements do not make me correct under all circumstances, if the craft is equalized; event 1, if it isn't; event 2. Seems fairly clear.
originally posted by: AnarchoCapitalist
That's the end of this discussion. There is no more debate.
originally posted by: AnarchoCapitalist
The fact the comet is a charged body undergoing an electrical discharge is no longer debatable.
The latest images show dozens upon dozens of plasma discharges on to the comet.
The bases of the discharges are wider and brighter than the length of the plasma stream. There are no observable vents. There is no observable surface ice.
The behavior of the "jets" is completely at odds with the behavior of a neutral gas in a vacuum.
That's the end of this discussion. There is no more debate.
The term "collimated jet" is not the same as a dust tail or an ion tail. The reference to the term or phrase "collimated jet" that I am familiar with refers to activity near the surface of a comet nucleus seen only close up in space craft images, eg. Deep Impact images of comet 9P/Tempel, Rosetta images of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the "B" jet imaged on comet 19P/Borrelly by Deep Space 1. These did not exceed 100 km.
Gas is produced by sublimation of ices which entrain dust via hydrodynamic drag forces and after reaching surface expands freely in the vacuum of space. Gas dynamics is described by kinetic theory of gases in a physics or thermodynamics text. A surface crevice or small opening is thought to produce collimation of the gas leaving the surface.
A comet with a well developed gas coma typically extends much further than dust coma since dust particles are affected by solar radiation pressure. Neutral gas expands and is affected to a lesser extent by solar radiation than dust particles, i.e, hydrogen, CN, C2 comae show some asymmetry.
.
Ionized gas follows interplanetary magnetic field lines spiraling along them according to Lorentz force qE + qv x B described in every basic physics text for charges in electric or magnetic fields.
Reference to collimated jets: Comets II, chapter "In Situ Observations of Cometary Nuclei" by H. U. Keller, D. Britt, B. J. Buratti, and Nick. Thomas.
The observed jets can be produced by acceleration of evolved gas from a subsurface cavity through a narrow orifice to the surface. As long as the cavity is larger than the orifice, the pressure in the cavity will be greater than the ambient pressure in the coma and the flow from the geyser will be supersonic. The gas flow becomes collimated as the sound speed is approached and dust entrainment in the gas flow creates the observed jets. Outside the cavity, the expanding gas loses its collimated character, but the density drops rapidly decoupling the dust and gas, allowing the dust to continue in a collimated beam.