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Hypnotic induction is the process undertaken by a hypnotist to establish the state or conditions required for hypnosis to occur. Self-hypnosis is possible, in which a subject listens to a taped induction or plays the roles of both hypnotist and subject.[1] It is contended that hypnotic induction is a necessary process designed to cause the subject to enter a state of increased suggestibility, during which their critical faculties are reduced and they are more prone to accept the commands and suggestions of the hypnotist. This state is known as a "trance." [2] Hypnotic induction, therefore, is whatever is necessary to get a person into the state of trance.[3] Others argue that hypnotic induction is merely a popularly-expected ritual, which is not required for hypnosis to occur; hypnosis is a process of influence, which is enhanced (or formalized) through expected cultural rituals.[citation needed] In early hypnotic literature a hypnosis induction was a gradual, drawn-out process. Methods such as progressive muscle relaxation were designed to relax the hypnotic subject into a state of inner focus (during which their imagination would come to the forefront) and the hypnotist would be better able to influence them and help them effect changes at the subconscious level.[4] Modern hypnotists practice what is known as instant induction. Instant hypnosis inductions employ the principles of shock and surprise. A shock to the nervous system of the subject causes their conscious mind to be temporarily disengaged. During this window of distraction the hypnotist can intervene, allow the subject to enter the state of imaginative inner focus known as hypnosis (or trance).[citation needed]
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Space is the boundless, three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction.[1] Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. In mathematics,"spaces" are examined with different numbers of dimensions and with different underlying structures. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.
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Time is the continuing sequence of events occurring in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future,[1][2][3][4][5] and a measure of the durations and frequencies of events and the intervals between them. [6][2][7] Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars.[6][2][7][8][9][10] Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, music, dance, and the live theater all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems.[11][12][13] Some simple, relatively uncontroversial definitions of time include "time is what clocks measure"[6][14] and "time is what keeps everything from happening at once".[15][16][17][18]
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Claustrophobia (from Latin claustrum "a shut in place" and Greek φόβος, phóbos, "fear") is the fear of having no escape and being closed in small spaces or rooms (opposite: claustrophilia). It is typically classified as an anxiety disorder and often results in panic attack, and can be the result of many situations or stimuli, including elevators crowded to capacity, windowless rooms, and even tight-necked clothing.[1] The onset of claustrophobia has been attributed to many factors, including a reduction in the size of the amygdala, classical conditioning, or a genetic predisposition to fear small spaces.
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Agoraphobia (from Greek ἀγορά, "marketplace"; and φόβος/φοβία, -phobia) is an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety in situations where the sufferer perceives the environment to be difficult or embarrassing to escape. These situations include, but are not limited to, wide-open spaces, as well as uncontrollable social situations such as may be met in shopping malls, airports, and on bridges. Agoraphobia is defined within the DSM-IV TR as a subset of panic disorder, involving the fear of incurring a panic attack in those environments.[1] The sufferer may go to great lengths to avoid those situations, in severe cases becoming unable to leave their home or safe haven.