Carter mentions that he was "first afflicted" with hemorrhoids as a young submarine officer, "but this time it was much worse than ever before" [1a]. It therefore appears this was a recurrent problem for him.

Geneva Township -- Dr. Robert J. White, who died today at age 84, liked to call himself "Humble Bob."

It was a typical joke. The renowned neurosurgeon and bioethicist covered his office walls with a big photo of himself and all sorts of honors, from frequent-flier awards to an honorary sergeant's badge from security at MetroHealth Medical Center.

White died at home in Geneva Township after struggling with diabetes and prostate cancer.

The outspoken doctor gained fame with scalpels, pens and microphones. He founded Metro's neurosurgery department. He achieved firsts such as isolating and transplanting mammal brains. He founded Pope John Paul II's Committee on Bioethics, belonged to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and stumped for what he considered the right to life at all ages.

He examined Vladimir Lenin's preserved brain, consulted with Boris Yelstin's doctors and joined the medical team treating John Paul II's critical injuries from gunshots. He debated champions of animal rights and withstood many protestors. He posed for GQ, wrote for Reader's Digest and many other periodicals, edited scholarly journals and published more than 700 papers. He was medical consultant for the movie "The X-Files: I Want to Believe."

White said he read three books a day, mostly about history and religion. He smoked a pipe and usually skipped meals until supper. He performed more than 10,000 surgeries, some up to 18 hours long. He raised 10 children. He slept about five hours per night.

Sam Miller, leader of Forest City Enterprises, said of White in 1988, "He could have gone into private practice and made an untold fortune. He traded wealth for goodness."

On Thursday, Bishop Anthony Pilla, former head of the Cleveland Catholic diocese, called White "a brilliant mind, a world-respected surgeon and researcher, a person with a much-needed, keen sense of moral values and their impact on science and medicine." He said White helped shift devout people of many faiths from opposing extraordinary medicine to supporting it as pro-life.

White went to Mass daily at Our Lady of Peace Catholic Church and prayed before surgery. He told Scene magazine, "I believe the brain tissue is the physical repository for the human soul." In one of many articles for The Plain Dealer, he wrote "A medical career will always offer the ultimate in human satisfaction by combining the scientific with the ministry."

A familiar horror of science fiction is the slave whose thoughts and actions are governed by an electronic gadget grafted into his brain. There might besome truth in this fiction, says Electrical Engineer Curtiss R. Schafer, who designs and develops electronic instruments for the Norden-Ketay Corp. of New York City. Electronics, he believes, could save a lot of work for the indoctrinators and thought-controllers of the future. At last week's National Electronics Conference at Chicago, Schafer discussed recent improvements in scientific knowledge and control of the brain. After all, he pointed out, the brain is a digital computer whose functioning can be profoundly affected by electrical influences. Theelectroencephalograph (brainwave detector) shows electrical signals that ebb and flow in the brain. Perhaps these signals can be simulated, controllingthe brain's sensations and thoughts.Injected Signals. "The logical extension of electroencephalographic research," said Schafer, "may result in the formation of another hybrid science, biocontrol. The biophysicist has measured and recorded the electrical activity of the central nervous system, and shown that neural [nerve] currentscontrol many of our mental and muscular activities. The electronic-control scientist has taught us that minute electrical signals, properly amplified,may be used for the control of airplanes, guided missiles and machine tools."It is quite logical to believe that these two sciences will merge. Biocontrol may be denned as the control of physical movements, mental processes,emotional reactions and apparent sensory perceptions . . by means of bioelectrical signals which are transmitted and injected into the central nervoussystem of the subject."Elementary forms of biocontrol have already been demonstrated . . . Direct current of the required waveform and intensity passed through [a man's]head . . . changes his sense of balance, and he leans to one side . . . Other experimenters have shown that rats and dogs may be made to feel hungry justafter eating, or afraid when they had nothing to fear, simply by injecting the appropriate neural currents into the central nervous system of theanimal."Cheapest Machine. "The ultimate achievement of biocontrol," says Engineer Schafer, "may be the control of man himself . . . Enslavement could beimposed upon the vanquished as a condition of peace, or through the threat of hydrogen bombing. Biocontrol could make this enslavement completeand final, for the controlled subjects would never be permitted to think as individuals. A few months after birth, a surgeon would equip each child witha socket mounted under the scalp and electrodes reaching selected areas of brain tissue. A year or two later, a miniature radio receiver and antenna would be plugged into the socket. From that time on, the child's sensory perceptions and muscular activity could be either modified or completely controlled by bioelectric signals radiated from state-controlled transmitters. The regular treatment for schizophrenia uses the same surgical techniques .. . The electrodes cause no discomfort, no damage to brain tissue and no interference with the functioning of the brain except when energized."The once-human being, thus controlled, would be the cheapest of machines to create and operate. The cost of building even a simple robot, like the Westinghouse mechanical man, is probably ten times that of bearing and raising a child to the age of 16."

Thought the 'battle for men's minds' is being waged on several fronts,attention here is focused on the approach that promises the most dramaticresults: electronic stimulation of the brain. ESB, as it is called, provides ameans of 'mapping' the mind, of locating within the brain the specific sites atwhich various categories of emotion, feeling, action and thought originate. Morethan this, ESB provides a means of exerting some control over thosefeelings and actions. It can even help reactivate parts of the brain that haveceased functioning because of disease or trauma, induce immense pleasure,override 'intractable' pain and, for a finite period, enable one to releiveone's past, even the most remote, 'unremembered' past.

Recent rapid development in ESB technique follows-upon what was rather a slowstart. Direct electrical stimulation of the brain, in fact, dates back nearlytwo centuries to the experiments of Volta, Galvani, du Bois-Reymond and others,who discovered that the brain is more susceptible to electronics than to obscurechemical forces ('animal spirits', they were called) that were in vogue up tothat time. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, battlefield brain surgeonsused crude electronic probes that would curl the hair of today's neurologists inan attempt to locate damaged brain tissue. They would simply stick wires intothe brain, apply the electrical voltage and wait for some response, a twitchhere, a kick there, an erection, excessive salivation, etc.; if noresponse was forthcoming, the surgeon would assume brain damage in the areaunder stimulation. Then he would generally take scalpel in hand and excise theaffected tissue - usually to rather horrible effect.

This medical 'technology' lay mercifully dormant for decades after the war -until Dr Walter R. Hess, a brilliant Swiss neuro-physiologist, devised themodern technique of electrode implantation in 1932, demonstrating in the processthat nearly all of man's functions and emotions can be influenced by electricalstimulation of specific cerebral areas. 'For the first time,' observes Dr Jos�M. R. Delgado, one of the foremost practioners of ESB research, 'it was revealed that psychological'

1 - The two 'patients' would be transferred to a specially designed operating room, equipped with apparatus for total body, human brain transplantation.
2 - Two teams of specially trained surgeons, nurses, scientists and technicians are on hand. This is because the two patients will be operated on simultaneously.
3 - Both patients will have to have a series of devices to monitor their brain and body activities during the operation. This will include brainwave, heart and blood monitoring. The most important measurement will be that of the brain.
4 - The operation in both patients is directed at the neck. The incision encompasses the entire neck with surgical division of all the tissues of the neck, including skin and muscles. A stage is reached in the operation where only the arteries, veins and spine remain.
5 - Bony vertebral elements of the spine at both the front and back are removed over several segments, exposing the spinal canal with its spinal cord and coverings. Metal plates are affixed to the remaining spine with screws above and below the area of absent bone. These will be used to fasten the spine together at the time of transplant.
6 - The surgery on the blood vessels is the most dangerous part of the operation. This is because to be transplanted, the brain can only be without its blood supply for an extremely short time. Therefore 'Loop' catheters are filled with a substance to prevent blood clotting, and are introduced into each blood vessel in the patient, to enable vascular transfer to be carried out.
7- Since the blood vessel transfer is the most concerning part of the procedure a specially designed piece of equipment has been made available. This mechanically supports the brain circulation, or can cool the brain very rapidly to temperatures in the region of 12ºC. This protects the brain for periods of over one hour if the blood circulation is completely cut off.
8 - The loop catheters are now arranged so that the blood circulation is passed from the donor body to the recipients head. The donor body now supplies the circulation to the recipient head. The spinal cords are divided and the recipient brain and head are transplanted to its new body. Its body is now used as a transfusion source.
9 -Both spines are fused together with the metal plates. The loop catheters carrying the blood supply are individually removed as the blood vessels are sewn together. If necessary the brain can be supported by the special instrument to provide it circulation or to cool it during these essential procedures.
10 - Now all the tissues of the neck wound are sewn together including the skin, and the brain transplanted patient is moved into a specially equipped intensive care unit. Great concern will remain in the area of tissue rejection, infection and circulatory support. Appropriate medications will be required. Also this patient will require permanent respiratory support and artificial feeding.
11 - When consciousness is regained we would expect that the patient's brain would function normally. They should be able to hear, see, taste, smell and think, and their memories should be totally intact. They can be instrumented for speech.