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Nasa scientists have said they could be on the verge of a breakthrough in their efforts to forecast earthquakes.
....the surface becomes positively charged. And this charge can be strong enough to affect the ionosphere, causing the disturbances documented by satellites.
ScienceDaily (Nov. 3, 2003) — A violent earthquake that cracked highways in Alaska set the sky shaking as well as the land, an ESA-backed study has confirmed.
"These investigations will support the French space agency CNES's DEMETER (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) microsatellite, to be launched in 2004 and devoted to the detection in the ionosphere of seismic, volcanic and man-made signals. These ESA activities will be performed in the framework of the Space Weather Applications Pilot Project."
"Earthquake forecasters can also watch for changes in the ionosphere by monitoring very-low-frequency (3- to 30-kilohertz) and high-frequency (3- to 30-megahertz) radio transmissions
This research is still young and apparently controverial. If there are effects, they may be too subtle for the SID instruments to pick up. If your students do pursue something of this nature, make sure you make it VERY clear to them that this is extremely early and tentative research that may or may not provide them any useful results.
One of the main sources of atmosphere-ionosphere modification over the regions of preparing earthquakes is the emanation from the earth of different chemical substances. We can mention among them radon, light gases (hydrogen and helium), and sub-micron aerosols with high metal content (Alekseev and Alekseeva, 1992; Alekseev at al., 1995). It leads to changes of electrodynamic properties of the atmosphere over the region of an anticipated earthquake and as a result to the observed phase variations of VLF signals passing over these regions. Aerosols in the atmosphere lead to the formation of large-scale electric fields up to several kV/m (Kikuchi, 1991).
Topside sounding from onboard an orbiting satellite is a kind of remote sensing of near earth plasma (ionosphere). The sounder is an HF radar working within the frequency band of 0.1(or 0.3) MHz up to 16(or 20) MHz with the changing of sounding frequency from lower to higher edges of the band (frequency sweep).
This paper accumulates the recent advances in scientific understanding of the problem of seismo-ionospheric coupling. Present research focuses on three main areas: the physical mechanism, main phenomenological features of ionospheric variations associated with earthquakes, and their statistical properties permitting use of them in practical applications.
The second point relates to seismo-electromagnetic emissions in ULF, ELF and VLF bands registered in seismically active zones before earthquakes (Nagao et al. 2002). Their detection and identification (separate from thunderstorm induced emissions and technogenic emissions) is now well developed. At least two techniques are used: direction finding (Ismaguilov et al. 2001), and polarization techniques (Hattori et al. 2002); however, the physical nature of the observed emissions still remains unclear
For strong mid-latitudinal earthquakes the seismo-ionospheric anomalies look like local TEC enhancements or decreases located in the vicinity of the forthcoming earthquake epicenter. Such structures are generated in the ionosphere for several days prior to the main shock. The amplitude of plasma modification reaches the value of 30-90 % relative to the non-disturbed level. The zone of the anomaly maximum manifestation extends larger than 1500 km in latitude and 3500-4000 km in longitude. In case of strong lowlatitudinal earthquakes there are effects related with the modification of the equatorial F2-region anomaly: deepening or filling of the ionospheric electron density trough over the magnetic equator
We do not discuss here the mechanism of generation of the seismogenic electric field and we do not explain, why the positive charges should accumulate on the western boundary of the near-epicentral region, and negative charges – on the eastern boundary or vice versa. We show only what kind of electric field can produce the TEC and NmF2 disturbances observed before strong earthquakes.
A method and apparatus for altering at least one selected region which normally exists above the earth's surface. The region is excited by electron cyclotron resonance heating to thereby increase its charged particle density.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein said electromagnetic radiation is generated at the site of a naturally-occurring hydrocarbon fuel source, said fuel source being located in at least one of northerly or southerly magnetic latitudes.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein said fuel source is natural gas and electricity for generating said electromagnetic radiation is obtained by burning said natural gas in at least one of magnetohydrodynamic, gas turbine, fuel cell, and EGD electric generators located at the site where said natural gas naturally occurs in the earth.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein said site of natural gas is within the magnetic latitudes that encompass Alaska.
Originally posted by Majestyka
reply to post by optimus primal
if movement of the land can affect the sky why couldn't the sky effect the land if man was to affect the sky?
edit on 13-4-2011 by Majestyka because: (no reason given)
Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust
Originally posted by chr0naut
Originally posted by Majestyka
reply to post by optimus primal
if movement of the land can affect the sky why couldn't the sky effect the land if man was to affect the sky?
edit on 13-4-2011 by Majestyka because: (no reason given)
If every time you see a house fire, a fire truck is there, do you think it logical to say that fire trucks are the main cause of house fires?
Correlation does not equal cause.
Originally posted by Stunspot
I see a lot of evidence that earthquakes cause disturbances in the ionosphere. Where is the data showing that disturbances in the ionosphere can _cause_ earthquakes? I mean, so far, this is like saying that because I can change channels on my tv I can cause the actors in the studio to change to new people.
It may well be the case that HAARP can induce earthquakes, but so far, all the evidence you've provided points to the relatively well-known fact that grinding up a few gigatons of rock can have weird electromagnetic effects.
Geologists have long puzzled over anecdotal reports of strange atmospheric phenomena in the days before big earthquakes. But good data to back up these stories has been hard to come by. In recent years, however, various teams have set up atmospheric monitoring stations in earthquake zones and a number of satellites are capable of sending back data about the state of the upper atmosphere and the ionosphere during an earthquake
The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, where neutral air is ionized by solar photons and cosmic rays. When radio waves reach the ionosphere at oblique incidence they are bent downwards (refracted) in the ionized layer. If, compared to the wave frequency, the midlayer ionization is important enough, the ray leaves the bottomside of the layer earthwards as if it were reflected from a mirror. If the ionization is not great enough the wave path is first bent downwards, but then (above the layer peak) upwards so that it leaves the topside of the layer with some displacement only. Skywave propagation occurs in the waveguide formed by the reflectors ground and ionosphere. With a one hop path distances up to 3500 km may be reached. Transatlantic connections are mostly obtained with two or three hops.[1]
The HF transmitter system is able to produce approximately 3.6 million Watts of radio frequency power.
Originally posted by Majestyka
The HF transmitter system is able to produce approximately 3.6 million Watts of radio frequency power.
there is nothing gentle about that amount of PE
The intensity of the HF signal in the ionosphere is less than 3 microwatts per cm2, tens of thousands of times less than the Sun's natural electromagnetic radiation reaching the earth and hundreds of times less than even the normal random variations in intensity of the Sun's natural ultraviolet (UV) energy which creates the ionosphere.
Originally posted by Majestyka
reply to post by adeclerk
all im trying to discuss is whether the mechanics surrounding the HAARP program have a potentiality of creating an EQ event.
Originally posted by Sek82
reply to post by adeclerk
Please back these claims of what it cannot do with scientific proof and examples. Otherwise you're just another debunker pulling the "power output is too low" card, like that settles it.
If you also think HAARP's broadcasting capabilities are limited to one station, or that they cannot "aim" their radio waves, though, forget about it because you've got some catching up to do.
Radio propagation is also affected by several other factors determined by its path from point to point. This path can be a direct line of sight path or an over-the-horizon path aided by refraction in the ionosphere