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Seminoles in 1818 similar to al Qaeda in 2001? Some Pentagon prosecutors appeared to make this analogy to support a Guantánamo war crimes conviction, then clarified in a war court filing.
By CAROL ROSENBERG
[email protected]
Pentagon prosecutors touched off a protest — and issued an apology this week — for likening the Seminole Indians in Spanish Florida to al Qaeda in documents defending Guantánamo’s military commissions.
The Cherokee used legal means in their attempt to safeguard their rights. They sought protection from land-hungry white settlers, who continually harassed them by stealing their livestock, burning their towns, and sqatting on their land. In 1827 the Cherokee adopted a written constitution declaring themselves to be a sovereign nation. They based this on United States policy; in former treaties, Indian nations had been declared sovereign so they would be legally capable of ceding their lands. Now the Cherokee hoped to use this status to their advantage. The state of Georgia, however, did not recognize their sovereign status, but saw them as tenants living on state land. The Cherokee took their case to the Supreme Court, which ruled against them.
The Cherokee went to the Supreme Court again in 1831. This time they based their appeal on an 1830 Georgia law which prohibited whites from living on Indian territory after March 31, 1831, without a license from the state. The state legislature had written this law to justify removing white missionaries who were helping the Indians resist removal. The court this time decided in favor of the Cherokee. It stated that the Cherokee had the right to self-government, and declared Georgia's extension of state law over them to be unconstitutional. The state of Georgia refused to abide by the Court decision, however, and President Jackson refused to enforce the law.
The number of soldiers choosing to fight for Mexico was nearly double that of any war the United States has ever fought. Considered heroes and citizens of Mexico by the Mexican Government but deserters by the United States.
On Sept. 13, 1847, the last of Riley's men were executed after standing for hours at the gallows, nooses around their necks, on a hill where they could see Mexican and U.S. troops battling at the Castle of Chapultepec.
When the U.S. flag was raised over the castle, they were hanged. Riley was not executed. Instead, he was flogged, branded on both cheeks with the letter "D" for deserter and forced to dig the graves of his men, Stevens said. He remained in Mexico until his death in 1850. In all, 50 men in the battalion were hanged during the war.
For the next 150 years, the records of their courts-martial were kept at the U.S. War Department, away from public view. Even to this very day obtaining information regarding the Irish and Catholic Immigrants who fought for Mexico is not well know or readily obtainable.
The US government was victorious over the Mexican people in its US aggression from 1846-1848. History belongs to the victors and thus several important facts regarding Irish-American history has and continues to be well hidden from the American public. One important historic fact is the account of the Saint Patrick Battalion during the Mexican - American War.
The history of the these brave Irish men who fought with Mexico for their independence and freedom is well known in Mexico. For the last 153+ years many articles have been written in Mexican historical magazines. Articles have also been written by British and US authors. Depending on their political and religious views each depicts the Irish of the Saint Patrick Battalion in a different light.
Authors who tend to be anti-Irish and anti- Catholic and prejudiced against the Irish Nationalists of Ireland often portray the Heroes of Mexico as deserters or drunks. Bigoted thinking still remains to this very day in Northern Ireland and mush still exists in America. History will confirm that the Irish were in fact Irish Mexican patriots and heroes, citizens and defenders of Mexico.
Irish immigrants originally joined the US army to obtain citizenship while fleeing from the cruelty and terrorism of the British Government especially against Catholics, only to witness similar cruelties against the innocent people of Mexico. "There comes a time for every man and Nation to choose for the good or evil side, that is when brave man takes a stand and the coward stands aside".
The general objective of unconventional warfare is to instill a belief that peace and security are not possible without compromise or concession. Specific objectives include inducement of war weariness, curtailment of civilian standards of living and civil liberties associated with greater security demands, economic hardship linked to the costs of war; hopelessness to defend against assaults, fear, depression, and disintegration of morale.
TC 18-01
■97 pages
■Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors only
■Foreign Distribution Restriction
■November 2010
1-1. The intent of U.S. UW efforts is to exploit a hostile power’s political, military, economic, and psychological vulnerabilities by developing and sustaining resistance forces to accomplish U.S. strategic objectives. Historically, the military concept for the employment of UW was primarily in support of resistance movements during general-war scenarios. While this concept remains valid, the operational environment since the end of World War II has increasingly required U.S. forces to conduct UW in scenarios short of general war (limited war).
CIVIL AFFAIRS IN UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE
1-48. CA personnel augment the SF headquarters (HQ) by providing expertise in civil-military operations
(CMO). Although CMO plays a small role in resistance operations, planning CMO early in the campaign is
critical. CMO efforts can play a significant role in—
■Mitigating the suffering of the population during resistance operations through humanitarian assistance (HA) efforts. (Forces must conduct CMO and HA efforts in a manner that does not link the population to the resistance effort, thereby bringing the retaliation of adversary forces.)
■Planning mobilization of popular support to the UW campaign.
■Analyzing impacts of resistance on indigenous populations and institutions and centers of gravity through CA inputs to intelligence preparation of the operational environment (IPOE).
■Providing the supported commander with critical elements of civil information to improve situational awareness and understanding within the operational environment.
■Assisting in stabilization postconflict.
■Assisting in the demobilization and transition of former resistance forces postconflict.