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The discovery of the most massive neutron star could have wide-ranging impacts across several fields of physics and astrophysics. "This neutron star is twice as massive as our Sun. This is surprising, and that much mass means that several theoretical models for the internal composition of neutron stars now are ruled out," said Paul Demorest, of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO).
"This mass measurement also has implications for our understanding of all matter at extremely high densities and many details of nuclear physics," he added.
A neutron star can be several times more dense than an atomic nucleus, and a thimbleful of neutron-star material would weigh more than 500 million tons – making it an ideal case study for studying the most dense and exotic states of matter known to physics.
The paired stars are in an orbit almost perfectly edge-on from Earth, making the variation in the distortions of the radio pulses more pronounced, researchers said. Also, the white dwarf is unusually massive for a star of its type, meaning its gravitational field had an especially profound effect on the pulses.
It is well known that the Sun is surrounded by a plasma and that the velocity of electromagnetic radiation is reduced when moving through such a medium. Radio signals have been observed while going through the solar corona and a corresponding delay has been measured(2). Furthermore, it is well known that the velocity of transmission of a radio signal is also slowed down when traveling through neutral gases, even if that contribution is frequently neglected. The fact that many spectral lines are observed in the solar corona proves that the plasma is not fully ionized. Since the delay produced and observed due to the plasma in the solar corona is not due to general relativity, it must have a different origin. An analysis of that phenomenon is presented in appendix I of this article.