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The features of nonequilibrium processes in combustor, postcombustor flow, and in the plume of gasturbine engines which are responsible for the formation of gaseous pollutants, mainly, SOx, NOx, COx, HOx, HSOy, HNOy, and ions as well as for processes that give rise various sorts of volatile and nonvolatile (with soot core) aerosols and ice particles are considered.
The results of numerical simulation as well as experimental studies of these processes are reported.
Key words: nonequilibrium physico-chemical processes, combustor, plume, pollutants, ions, aerosols, atmosphere.
The DEF STAN 91-91 and ASTM D1655 specifications allow for certain additives to be added to jet fuel:[6]
* Antioxidants to prevent gumming, usually based on alkylated phenols, e.g., AO-30, AO-31, or AO-37;
* Antistatic agents, to dissipate static electricity and prevent sparking; Stadis 450, with dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid (DINNSA) as the active ingredient, is an example
* Corrosion inhibitors, e.g., DCI-4A used for civilian and military fuels, and DCI-6A used for military fuels;
* Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) agents, e.g., Di-EGME; FSII is often mixed at the point-of-sale so that users with heated fuel lines do not have to pay the extra expense.
* Biocides are to remediate microbial (i.e., bacterial and fungal) growth present in aircraft fuel systems. Currently, two biocides are approved for use by most aircraft and turbine engine
The answer is electric aircraft. If they can be done on an RC scale, they can be done on full scale. The weight of the batteries is compensated for by the lack of fuel. Fuel weighs about 7 lbs per gal.
The U.S. Air Force (USAF), as well as other military branches, has been working for almost 50 years to identify the cause of jelly-like contaminants in fuel-handling systems. Despite studies to isolate the gelatinous material that varies in color from light amber to dark reddish-brown and commonly referred to as "apple jelly
Earlier this year the team of researchers submitted to the DESC a 210-page report in which they detail how apple jelly is caused by diethylene glycol methyl ether (DiEGME) interacting with water and other fuel-system contaminants. DiEGME is an anti-icing inhibitor added to JP-8 jet fuel to prevent free water in a plane's fuel system from freezing at high altitudes.
"After DiEGME joins with water, it forms a very aggressive solvent," said Steve Westbrook, Manager of the Petroleum Products Technology section in SwRI's Engine and Vehicle Research Division. "When added to the fuel, DiEGME combines with free water and then reacts with dirt, rust, paint, fuel components, elastomers, and other contaminants in pipelines and fuel storage tanks. When this blend reacts with polyacrylate polymers used to manufacture water-absorbing fuel filters used in some military fuel-handling systems, it forms the thick, gooey, sticky substance known as thick apple jelly."
Scrubbers, depending on the technology employed and the sulfur content of the coal, can remove between 90 and 97% (or more) of the sulfur dioxide emissions at a coal-fired electricity plant. Under the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, a coal-fired plant is required to have and surrender one SO2 emissions allowance for each ton of SO2 emissions during the year. SO2 emissions allowances have value and are actively traded.
Originally posted by Chadwickus
reply to post by 911stinks
What does a report on anti freeze have to do with contrails or chemtrails?
Originally posted by 911stinks
Originally posted by Chadwickus
reply to post by 911stinks
What does a report on anti freeze have to do with contrails or chemtrails?
If it's in the fuel, it get burned and ejected out the exhaust and into the atmosphere.
I thought you were a weatherman. Why do you consider yourself such and expert on jet exhaust?
[atsimg]http://files.abovetopsecret.com/images/member/2d2d07686500.jpg[/atsimg]
This week, for the first time in decades, we've seen a completely clear blue sky over London. No contrails. No clouds
Originally posted by sonicology
Originally posted by dashar
People up around Manchester area are enjoying beautiful blue clear cloudless skys .
Up here in the Northern Isles we haven't seen blue sky for the past 3 days, it's totally clouded over. There is however a thin layer of grey dust on the cars outside. Perhaps it is because we are closer to Iceland?
Geo-engineering:
Add more clouds in the lower part of the atmosphere (the troposphere)
Originally posted by 911stinks
I thought the following picture and statement in the Londonist pretty much sums it up.
[atsimg]http://files.abovetopsecret.com/images/member/2d2d07686500.jpg[/atsimg]
This week, for the first time in decades, we've seen a completely clear blue sky over London. No contrails. No clouds
londonist.com...
Originally posted by DGFenrir
The pollution caused by the aviation industry doesn't affect your breathing air quality.
JP-8 is only used by the military.
[edit on 18/4/2010 by DGFenrir]