a reply to:
halfoldman
England was originally Celtic (settled by various Celtic peoples). The Gauls living in what is now France, were also Celts. The people in Ireland were
Celts. The Germanic peeps lived mostly east of the Rhine (RHENVS, in Latin), and occasionally raided Gaullic tribes before then retiring back to the
East. But then came Rome (a Republic still), with Caesar overrunning the Gauls and making Gaul a Roman province. This partly because the Celts had
once overrun Italy and sacked Rome. So payback to some degree--this time with an extremely professional and superbly trained army led by very
competent commanders. The Romans imposed rule and order--but not Latin--on Gaul (and then on Hispania--Spain and Portugal). If you wanted to do
business with the Romans, you learned Latin; if you wanted 'in' to the local government offices, you learned Latin. But the Romans never forced their
language on the local populations. Latin usage grew--but over time. Caesar made his venture over to England to kick a little ass and take names, but
then left, other things occupying his mind, followed by his assassination in ROMA. With the IMPERIVM ROMANVM (Roman Empire) under CLAVDIVS, in 44 CE
(Common Era--the new 'AD'), the Romans decided to invade Britannia, and did. They occupied much of Britain, subduing all of the Celtic peoples that
the Roman Army reached, eventually conquering the area of Wales as well, and finally extending to the southern part of Scotland (though under the
Roman governor GAIVS IVLIVS AGRICOLA, Rome reached even farther into Scotland (and several times later) before finally settling more or less at
Hadrian's Wall (started in 122 under the rule of Emperor Hadrian, or HADRIANVS IMPERITOR--and twice at Antonine's wall (a bit farther north). Aside
from a revolt or three here and there (e.g., that of Boudica, the Queen of the Iceni [eastern Britain] who revolted in 62 CE and gave the Romans a
bit of a fright--since most of the Romans legions were on campaign under governor/Legate [general] GAIVS SVETONIVS PAVLINVS in Wales at the time,
leaving LONDINIVM, CAMVLODVNVM (Colchester) and other cities essentially unprotected. Paulinus raced to and reached London, warned the peeps to flee
(nothing he could do), and raced back to his army, which was marching east as fast as it could (and numbered less than the Celts they faced). However,
he selected a great battle position, psyched up his peeps, and defeated the Iceni and their allies. Boudicca killed herself. And Britannia went on,
with a 'relatively' quiet 2.5 centuries in Britain until the Empire started coming unglued--and finally pulled its military units and government
officials back to the continent by 410 CE. The Romans again, had not imposed Latin on the provincials, and the peoples in Wales still spoke
Celtic--but if you wanted to be anybody of any significance, being comfortable with Latin was key. With the Romans gone, the northern Celts in
Scotland began forays south. The Romanized Celts in Britain looked for help, and got it initially from the Angles, Jutes, and Seaxe (Saxon) peoples of
northwest Germania, what became Denmark, and the northeastern part of what became Holland (Frisia). They came, helped a while, settled where the
British Celts suggested they do so--but then some serious trouble---some accounts claim the Brits failed to pay the agreed upon 'protection' amount,
and when more Germanic emigrants arrived, the Germanic folk decided to move right in and became the new invaders, pushing the British Celts westard.
The Celts in Wales were relatively out of the picture (other than as targets of raids from the Celts in Ireland into Wales and Scotland). And so the
Germanic peoples displaced many of the Romanized Celts, and created the kingdoms of West Seaxe (West Saxony, became Wessex), Sûd Seaxe (South Saxony,
became Sussex), Eâst Angle (East Anglia) Mierce (Mercia--which later included London, and provided the dialect that became Modern English), Kent, and
Norðhenymbre (Northumbria). The West Saxon kingdom became very powerful under King Ælfred (800s), who encouraged people to write in Old English
rather than Latin (most writing done in Europe was in Latin, while England encouraged the people's vernacular. Most of the Old English verse extant
today was written in West Saxon--though this dialect did not become modern English. During Ælfred's rule the Danes arrived, and conquered much of
Eastern England--finally stopped by King Ælfred. Danish was a Northern Germanic language--related to Anglo-Saxon--but with different grammatical word
endings. King Ælfred created a treaty between West Seaxe called the Dane lagu (Danelaw). The area of the Danes (eastern Mercia) observed Danish
Viking law, while the remaining Mercian holdings followed Mercian law, or Northumbrian or West Saxon law. Eventually, the Danes assimilated with the
people they ruled, though their dialect differences--which originally caused confusion among their subjects, had begun some significant changes in the
structure of Old English grammar and pronunciation. that would continue for centuries and lead to what we speak today. The Celtic tongue remained
extant in Wales, Cornwall, and Scotland. Subsequent raids/visits by Norse and Swedish vikings to the English coast exacerbated the changes now
occuring in English. And then, in 1066, William the Conqueror and his Normans arrived--more invaders, this time Norsemen who had settled in the
Normandie region of Gaul. The language they spoke was what everyday (colloquial) Latin had become in Gaul--first Frankish, then French, more or less.
Thus, the Norman upper crust in Britannia spoke Norman French; the common people continued using Old English, though many French (and Latin) words
were imported into English as well.
AND tberefore--So sorry, no way to determine Prussian or other Germanic ethnicity other than he initial Germanic peeps who came over.