To give you an idea, the protien(S6K1) increases protein synthesis and cell proliferation. This is very similar to the effects of IGF(Insulin like
Growth Factor) and insulin.
It wouldn't surprise me if insulin and IGF have an influence on S6K1 and protein synthesis.
As the article stated, these results have been achieved in labs since the 1930's with caloric restriction. Here's a little information on
Insulin's role in Calorie restriction: Insulin Signaling
Lowering of the concentration of insulin and substances which are related to insulin, e.g Insulin-like growth factor 1 and Growth hormone has been
shown to upregulate autophagy, the repair mechanism of the cell [6]
Early work in C. elegans (see Cynthia Kenyon) and more recent research in mice has suggested (see Matthias Bluher, C. Ronald Kahn, Barbara B. Kahn, et
al.) that it is not only reduced calorie intake which influences longevity. This was done by studying animals which have their metabolism changed to
reduce activity of the hormone insulin or downstream elements in its signal transduction, consequently retaining the leanness of animals in the
earlier studies. It was observed that these animals can have a normal dietary intake, but have a similarly increased lifespan. This suggests that
lifespan is increased for an organism if it can remain lean and if it can avoid any excess accumulation of adipose tissue: if this can be done while
not diminishing dietary intake (as in some minority eating patterns, see e.g. Living foods diet or Joel Fuhrman) then the 'starvation diet'
anticipated as an impossible requirement by earlier researchers is no longer a precondition of increased longevity.[citation needed]
The extent to which these findings may apply to human nutrition and longevity is as noted above under investigation. A paper in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. in 2003 showed that practitioners of a CR diet had significantly better cardiovascular health.[39] Also in
progress are the development of CR mimetic interventions.
In other words: Less insulin and/or decreased insulin signaling = less fat and longer life.
The article makes the mistake of assuming that mice lived longer due to increased adipose tissue(body fat)-a side effect of low insulin levels-instead
of attributing it directly to insulin.
Calorie restricted diets typically yield a lower insulin response. It's possible to have this same response without restricting calories. Seeing as
how most data have suggested insulin, and not energy reduction, as the driving factor, it might be safe to assume that insulin affects the production
of S6K1, especially considering insulin's effects on metabolism and endocrinological stimuli.
-Dev
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