The first suggestion that an ionosphere existed, capable of trapping electromagnetic waves, was made by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902.[2][3] It took another twenty years before Edward Appleton and Barnett in 1925,[4] were able to prove experimentally the existence of the ionosphere. However, even prior to this, the first documented observations of what were speculated to be global electromagnetic resonances were made by Nikola Tesla in 1905 and formed the basis for his scheme for wireless energy transmission.[5] Although some of the most important mathematical tools for dealing with spherical waveguides were developed by Watson in 1918,[6] it was Winfried Otto Schumann who first studied the theoretical aspects of the global resonances of the earth-ionosphere waveguide system, known today as the Schumann resonances. In 1952-1954 Schumann, together with König, attempted to measure the resonant frequencies[7][8][9][10] . However, it was not until measurements made by Balser and Wagner in 1960-1963[11][12][13][14][15] that adequate analysis techniques were available to extract the resonance information from the background noise. Since then there has been an increasing interest in Schumann resonances in a wide variety of fields.


[edit] Basic theory
Lightning discharges are considered to be the primary natural source of Schumann resonance excitation, lightning channels behave like huge antennas that radiate electromagnetic energy at frequencies below about 100 kHz.[16] These signals are very weak at large distances from the lightning source, but the earth-ionosphere waveguide behaves like a resonator at ELF frequencies and amplifies the spectral signals from lightning at the resonance frequencies.[16]

In an ideal cavity, the resonant frequency of the n-th mode fn is determined by the Earth radius a and the speed of light c.[7]


The real Earth-ionosphere waveguide is not a perfect electromagnetic resonant cavity. Losses due to finite ionosphere electrical conductivity lower the propagation speed of electromagnetic signals in the cavity, resulting in a resonance frequency that is lower than would be expected in an ideal case, and the observed peaks are wide. In addition, there are a number of horizontal asymmetries – day-night difference in the height of the ionosphere, latitudinal changes in the Earth magnetic field, sudden ionospheric disturbances, polar cap absorption, etc. that produce other effects in the Schumann resonance power spectra.

Influence of the day-night asymmetry
In the early literature the observed diurnal variations of Schumann resonance power were explained by the variations in the source-receiver (lightning-observer) geometry.[11] It was concluded that no particular systematic variations of the ionosphere (which serves as the upper waveguide boundary) are needed to explain these variations.[26] Subsequent theoretical studies supported the early estimations of the small influence of the ionosphere day-night asymmetry (difference between day-side and night-side ionosphere conductivity) on the observed variations in Schumann resonance field intensities.[27]

The interest in the influence of the day-night asymmetry in the ionosphere conductivity on Schumann resonances gained new strength in the 1990s, after publication of a work by Sentman and Fraser.[28] Sentman and Fraser developed a technique to separate the global and the local contributions to the observed field power variations using records obtained simultaneously at two stations that were widely separated in longitude. They interpreted the diurnal variations observed at each station in terms of a combination of a diurnally varying global excitation modulated by the local ionosphere height. Their work, which combined both observations and energy conservation arguments, convinced many scientists of the importance of the ionospheric day-night asymmetry and inspired numerous experimental studies. However, recently it was shown that results obtained by Sentman and Fraser can be approximately simulated with a uniform model (without taking into account ionosphere day-night variation) and therefore cannot be uniquely interpreted solely in terms of ionosphere height variation[29] .

Schumann resonance amplitude records show significant diurnal and seasonal variations which in general coincide in time with the times of the day-night transition (the terminator). This time-matching seems to support the suggestion of a significant influence of the day-night ionosphere asymmetry on Schumann resonance amplitudes. There are records showing almost clock-like accuracy of the diurnal amplitude changes.[24] On the other hand there are numerous days when Schumann Resonance amplitudes do not increase at sunrise or do not decrease at sunset. There are studies showing that the general behavior of Schumann resonance amplitude records can be recreated from diurnal and seasonal thunderstorm migration, without invoking ionospheric variations.[27][25] Two recent independent theoretical studies have shown that the variations in Schumann resonance power related to the day-night transition are much smaller than those associated with the peaks of the global lightning activity, and therefore the global lightning activity plays a more important role in the variation of the Schumann resonance power.[30][25]

The Earth-ionosphere cavity
In first order approximation, the Earth-atmosphere system can be seen from an electromagnetic point of view as a radial shell of three layers of conductivity. The Earth and the ionosphere in about 100-150 km height appear as a perfect conductor with the air of negligible conductivity in between. They form a spherical shell of conductivty, denoted Earth-ionosphere cavity, in which electromagnetic radiation is trapped. Lightning strikes within the troposphere radiate energy into this system and the waves are travelling around the Earth. In the case of constructive interference, Earth-ionosphere cavity resonances are excited in the frequency range of 6-60 Hz.

"Thomas Berlensky physicist and biologist Mark Shears wore years researching the effects of certain types of sound waves on the human body, especially the brain.
Their experiments showed that certain frequencies might affect the tissues of the most varied forms and this immediately caught the attention of the U.S. Army.
They offered some military installations where they conduct their investigations and a succulent that with the subsidy fund.
In a few months, the laboratory was operational and operating at full capacity.Berlensky Shears and soldiers began by selecting volunteers to create two groups of twenty-five people with whom they begin their experiments with frequencies away from the threshold of human perception.
To do this, the first subjects stayed in a dormitory that was bombed during the night with frequency of all kinds. The second group was housed in a dormitory of the same features completely shielded for any type of external sounds.All the subjects were told that the experiment was intended to investigate the group dynamics in the crews of submarines.

The experimenters began to emit sounds of both upper and lower frequency spectrum audible every night for a month.
The soldiers occupied the day confined to their facilities without having the slightest awareness of it. To occupy their time, they passed several tests and were made to interpret various roles related to the manning of submarines from the U.S. Navy.
The staff of the laboratory was pointing conscientiously data on the sounds they are employed every night in the bedroom of the experimental group and followed all their movements by closed-circuit television.
On day 34 of the experiment something unusual occurred.
Two soldiers began a fight in the experimental group.
Soon, virtually the whole group was involved in it.
The experimenters found overwhelmed as the level of violence used by soldiers in the fight reached heights absolutely unreasonable.
Despite the lack of them, used all sorts of objects as weapons.
Some soldiers were autoagredían of the most brutal forms.Others were still beating and mutilating the bodies of their comrades.
Bodies were dismembered and practiced cannibalism.
When armed guards were sent to stop the fight, they were savagely attacked and reduced.
Finally, fifty armed men were able to enter the premises of the experimental group and to reduce the few survivors crazed.
As a result of the experiment Berlensky / Shears, nineteen people were killed and six were irreversible brain damage.
After the incident, the army had launched diverse security protocols that have banned any reference to the results, the reasons or consequences of the experiment.""

Plants 'Talk' to Each Other to Warn of Danger
Plants chatter amongst themselves to spread information, a lot like humans and other animals, new research suggests

IT IS now possible to hear plants scream

Plants have more than thorns and thistles to protect themselves—they can cry for help

www.abovetopsecret.com...

UK mystery, as cars behave oddly.....why??

I was just reading this news article about how in certain areas of London, cars electrical systems went wacko.......cars would not start, and alarm systems were just going off.....people were forced to push the car off to the side of streets and call for tow trucks.

This all sounded like a HAARP test to me, being that it was effecting vehicle electrical systems and HAARP is known to blare out ELM waves when the button pushers choose to make it so. This was my first thought when I read the article.....

www.gazettelive.co.uk...

MAYBE it was just UFO's nearby, yet no serious sightings reported.............but I think HAARP is a more likely suspect.

If NOT HAARP....what do you think it was?