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The temperature in Moscow hit 9.4 degrees Celsius (48.92 degrees Fahrenheit) in the early hours of Saturday, a record high for December, a meteorological website said.
Originally posted by Nohup
Oh, and nasty weather? Hurricanes, both in number and in strength on the Saffir-Simpson scale, have been declining since around 1950.
So there you go.
Originally posted by stinkhorn
reply to post by peacejet
Liberal lies to get more money from tax paying Americans, the temp has actually cooled by 1 degree in the last 4 years making gorebal warming moot.
Originally posted by peacejet
reply to post by BluegrassRevolutionary
Thanks for that, actually, what I am fed up of is why some are making this a political issue, saying, that this forces people to pay more green taxes and this is a part of NWO and so on.
Originally posted by Marmota monax
Consider: The suggestion that global warming is responsible for the spread of malria does not pass the logic test.
Malaria is on the rise because the UN and cohorts outlawed the use of DDT in areas where malaria is previlent in favor of the implementation of new programs that use screening and better housing to protect those at risk. The result has been a huge increase in malaria deaths.
Originally posted by Marmota monax
Early America had a serious malaria problem without the benefit of global warming. (try this goggle search "malaria in early america" )
Originally posted by Marmota monax
The earth may very well be warming but it is not because of a man-made situation.
Originally posted by Marmota monax
The earth has gone through periods of warming and cooling several times in the past. Consider that the "Little Ice Age" ended in 1850 and the "Medieval Warm Period" allowed the best wine grapes ever grown to multiply in England.
Originally posted by Marmota monax
Mars is warming too, as is Pluto, yet to date, no humans have been found at these locations
Originally posted by Marmota monax
Droughts happen, if you live at 1 foot above sea level you may have to move at some point, and we'd be a little full of ourselves if we claimed the ability to cause global warming.
Originally posted by peacejet
reply to post by BluegrassRevolutionary
All the AGW proposers here, are focussed on the US alone, they dont see the broader picture, they just think that if the US is not affected now, the world is not affected at all! Such mentality should change.
Originally posted by BluegrassRevolutionary
[
Here are three facts that I feel make the AGW issue quite obvious.
1. The earth is getting warmer.
2. Humans are creating more CO2 year after year and these concentrations are higher than any year that we can measure dating back 650,000 years.
3. There is a direct correlation between CO2 concentrations and temperature levels.
To me, these three simple FACTS make this debate rather simple.
[edit on 31-12-2008 by BluegrassRevolutionary]
here's your question: XXXXX
...
nonononono! don't ask if it's applicable or moot, just look at that question! but not too long either, now look here
->> Here's your answer, cute, eh did you know that sulfuric acid is actually your friend? *cue silly cartoon sequence* now on to the next...
Q: YYYY
...
A: ZZZZ
(and so on)
Originally posted by Long Lance
bad threads make for lots of replies.
sunscreen is killing corals, too and unlike global warming, the effect can actually be proven experimentally, which is as you'd probably put it, a lot more scientific...
First published online March 14, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1050-1056 (2008)
The effect of thermal history on the susceptibility of reef-building corals to thermal stress
Rachael Middlebrook*, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg and William Leggat
Centre for Marine Studies and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
* Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected])
Accepted 16 January 2008
The mutualistic relationship between corals and their unicellular dinoflagellate symbionts (Symbiodinium sp.) is a fundamental component within the ecology of coral reefs. Thermal stress causes the breakdown of the relationship between corals and their symbionts (bleaching). As with other organisms, this symbiosis may acclimate to changes in the environment, thereby potentially modifying the environmental threshold at which they bleach. While a few studies have examined the acclimation capacity of reef-building corals, our understanding of the underlying mechanism is still in its infancy. The present study focused on the role of recent thermal history in influencing the response of both corals and symbionts to thermal stress, using the reef-building coral Acropora aspera. The symbionts of corals that were exposed to 31°C for 48 h (pre-stress treatment) 1 or 2 weeks prior to a 6-day simulated bleaching event (when corals were exposed to 34°C) were found to have more effective photoprotective mechanisms. These mechanisms included changes in non-photochemical quenching and xanthophyll cycling. These differences in photoprotection were correlated with decreased loss of symbionts, with those corals that were not prestressed performing significantly worse, losing over 40% of their symbionts and having a greater reduction in photosynthetic efficiency. These results are important in that they show that thermal history, in addition to light history, can influence the response of reef-building corals to thermal stress and therefore have implications for the modeling of bleaching events. However, whether acclimation is capable of modifying the thermal threshold of corals sufficiently to cope as sea temperatures increase in response to global warming has not been fully explored. Clearly increases in sea temperatures that extend beyond 1–2°C will exhaust the extent to which acclimation can modify the thermal threshold of corals.
Plant and Cell Physiology, 2004, Vol. 45, No. 2 251-255
© 2004 Oxford University Press
Short Communication
Repair Machinery of Symbiotic Photosynthesis as the Primary Target of Heat Stress for Reef-Building Corals
Shunichi Takahashi1, Takashi Nakamura, Manabu Sakamizu, Robert van Woesik2 and Hideo Yamasaki3,4
Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213 Japan
Abstract
In a coral-algae symbiotic system, heat-dependent photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) leads to coral bleaching. When the reef-building coral Acropora digitifera was exposed to light, a moderate increase of temperature induced coral bleaching through photobleaching of algal pigments, but not through expulsion of symbiotic algae. Monitoring of PSII photoinhibition revealed that heat-dependent photoinhibition was ascribed to inhibition of the repair of photodamaged PSII, and heat susceptibility of the repair machinery varied among coral species. We conclude that the efficiency of the photosynthesis repair machinery determines the bleaching susceptibility of coral species under elevated seawater temperatures.
Photosynthetic response to elevated temperature in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum in culture
R Iglesias-Prieto, J L Matta, W A Robins, and R K Trench
+Author Affiliations
Department of Biological Sciences and the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
Abstract
Elevated temperature (28-34 degrees C) has been hypothesized as the primary cause of the loss of algal endosymbionts in coral reef-associated invertebrates, a phenomenon observed on a world-wide scale over the last decade. In past studies of this "bleaching" phenomenon, there has been an underlying assumption that temperature adversely affects the animal hosts, the algae thereby being relegated to a more passive role. Because photosynthesis is a sensitive indicator of thermal stress in plants and has a central role in the nutrition of symbiotic invertebrates, we have tested the hypothesis that elevated temperature adversely affects photosynthesis in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum. The results, based on analyses of light-mediated O2 evolution and in vivo fluorescence, indicate that photosynthesis is impaired at temperatures above 30 degrees C and ceases completely at 34-36 degrees C. These observations are discussed in the context of possible mechanisms that may function in the disassociation of algal-invertebrate symbioses in response to elevated temperature.
Damage to photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates: A determinant of coral bleaching
Mark E. Warner*,†,‡, William K. Fitt†, and Gregory W. Schmidt*
+Author Affiliations
*Department of Botany and †Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
Edited by Eugene P. Odum, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, and approved May 4, 1999 (received for review February 10, 1999)
Abstract
Coral bleaching has been defined as a general phenomenon, whereby reef corals turn visibly pale because of the loss of their symbiotic dinoflagellates and/or algal pigments during periods of exposure to elevated seawater temperatures. During the summer of 1997, seawater temperatures in the Florida Keys remained at or above 30°C for more than 6 weeks, and extensive coral bleaching was observed. Bleached colonies of the dominant Caribbean reef-building species, Montastrea faveolata and Montastrea franksi, were sampled over a depth gradient from 1 to 17 m during this period of elevated temperature and contained lower densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates in deeper corals than seen in previous “nonbleaching” years. Fluorescence analysis by pulse-amplitude modulation fluorometry revealed severe damage to photosystem II (PSII) in remaining symbionts within the corals, with greater damage indicated at deeper depths. Dinoflagellates with the greatest loss in PSII activity also showed a significant decline in the D1 reaction center protein of PSII, as measured by immunoblot analysis. Laboratory experiments on the temperature-sensitive species Montastrea annularis, as well as temperature-sensitive and temperature-tolerant cultured symbiotic dinoflagellates, confirmed the temperature-dependent loss of PSII activity and concomitant decrease in D1 reaction center protein seen in symbionts collected from corals naturally bleached on the reef. In addition, variation in PSII repair was detected, indicating that perturbation of PSII protein turnover rates during photoinhibition at elevated temperatures underlies the physiological collapse of symbionts in corals susceptible to heat-induced bleaching.
Heat stress causes inhibition of the de novo synthesis of antenna proteins and photobleaching in cultured Symbiodinium
Shunichi Takahashi†,‡,§, Spencer Whitney†, Shigeru Itoh¶, Tadashi Maruyama‖, and Murray Badger†,‡
Abstract
Coral bleaching, caused by heat stress, is accompanied by the light-induced loss of photosynthetic pigments in in situ symbiotic dinoflagellate algae (Symbiodinium spp.). However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for pigment loss are poorly understood. Here, we show that moderate heat stress causes photobleaching through inhibition of the de novo synthesis of intrinsic light-harvesting antennae [chlorophyll a–chlorophyll c 2–peridinin–protein complexes (acpPC)] in cultured Symbiodinium algae and that two Clade A Symbiodinium species showing different thermal sensitivities of photobleaching also show differential sensitivity of this key protein synthesis process. Photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) and subsequent photobleaching were observed at temperatures of >31°C in cultured Symbiodinium CS-73 cells grown at 25–34°C, but not in cultures of the more thermally tolerant control Symbiodinium species OTcH-1. We found that bleaching in CS-73 is associated with loss of acpPC, which is a major antennae protein in Symbiodinium. In addition, the thermally induced loss of this protein is light-dependent, but does not coincide directly with PSII photoinhibition and is not caused by stimulated degradation of acpPC. In cells treated at 34°C over 24 h, the steady-state acpPC mRNA pool was modestly reduced, by ≈30%, whereas the corresponding synthesis rate of acpPC was diminished by >80%. Our results suggest that photobleaching in Symbiodinium is consequentially linked to the relative susceptibility of PSII to photoinhibition during thermal stress and occurs, at least partially, because of the loss of acpPC via undefined mechanism(s) that hamper the de novo synthesis of acpPC primarily at the translational processing step.
hilarious yet depressing, isn't it?
Originally posted by Unnoan
Originally posted by BluegrassRevolutionary
[
Here are three facts that I feel make the AGW issue quite obvious.
1. The earth is getting warmer.
2. Humans are creating more CO2 year after year and these concentrations are higher than any year that we can measure dating back 650,000 years.
3. There is a direct correlation between CO2 concentrations and temperature levels.
To me, these three simple FACTS make this debate rather simple.
[edit on 31-12-2008 by BluegrassRevolutionary]
Facts? I see no facts presented. I am not assuming you can not defend these sweeping "facts" with some form of logical, scientific proof - but please incorporate them into your post. Presenting these 3 talking points as fact is seriously lacking in anything other than belief and faith in what has been covered in the media.