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These facts seem to indicate that a small nuclear device was used. How else do you get a crater five-foot-deep and 13 feet wide, 47 buildings destroyed, over a hundred cars destroyed, skin falling off the bones, and such a high death toll? How small of a device would make this type of explosion, and who has the capability to get their hands on such a weapon? From the Brookings Institute, we get some very interesting pictures that give us a lot of detail. This information was provided courtesy of the National Resources Defense Council.
Notice that this device weighs only 163 pounds as of 1988, fully 14 years ago. It was capable of producing a blast of 0.01, or 0.02-1 kiloton and was operationally deployed between 1964 and 1988. These inclusive dates sound as if this particular device was discontinued in 1988, undoubtedly because it was superseded by other, more compact, and possibly more devastating weapons. These weapons were planned to be used primarily as land mines to slow down the approach of enemy troops; on other words, they were planned to be buried before detonation!
In the summer of 1964 I volunteered to command an eight-man team of volunteers that would take a man-portable atomic device into an objective area by parachute to destroy targets we would be told to neutralize. There were a total of four teams trained to carry and activate the SADM (Special Atomic Demolition Munition) device. As team leader I would carry the 95 lb device and my XO would carry the 35 lb trigger mechanism. Once on the ground in the target area we would first scout out a location within 15 minutes walking distance of the target site and quietly dig or prepare a pre-existing covered location such as a cave for our protection from the explosion and fallout. We would, after scouting the area during daylight hours, move with the device once darkness was again our protector to the detonation location, lock the two parts together, arm the device and return quickly to our own survival site.
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I enclose my bio just for some background information and a copy of page 304 of JCS Pub 1 dated September 1974 as it contains the definition of the SADM (Special Atomic Demolition Munition).
The first item of concern is the SADM as it is a powerful man-portable atomic device. When I was in the 6th Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg in 1964 I volunteered to head one of three eight-man teams that had contingency missions with the SADM. My primary mission at the time was the power distribution facility of the ASWAN High Dam in Egypt. The dam was under construction by the Soviet Union at the time with the assistance of a US construction company out of Boston, Mass. At that time the SADM devices were stored at Seneca Army Depot (now closed, as you know). The bomb itself weighed about 95 lbs and the trigger device about 35 lbs. If there are any of those devices still in our inventory, the storage areas should be (and I feel certain already are) under close surveillance and high security.
expendableelite.com...
The bomb is a 2nd generation atomic bomb of the 'hydrogen bomb' category. It is at least 30 to 40 year old, late 2nd generation technology that has been phased out for lower yield 3rd generation atomic weapons which have a longer half life, easier maintenance and an inserted energy source.
Note the use of DU in the weaponry. DU is used as the casing and as the container for the fusion reaction which becomes part of the fissionable material. This is important in the current international 3rd generation H-bomb usage and the hybrid fusion bomb. At first it was believed that the DU casing and the DU fusion container would most likely not be part of the late 3rd generation or 4th generation weaponry used in the WTC demolitions as it is too dirty (long term radioactive residue) for the pure hydrogen bomb needed. However, subsequent information of dust analysis, hybrid fusion, old known facts of pure fusion bombs, early low yield semi-pure warheads, neutron bombs, and knowledge that debris would be removed as classified information makes either scenario viable.
second generation atomic bombs got their start in 1950 and came to fruition in 1956 with Eisenhower's announcement of a 95% clean bomb. In 1958 the Mk-41C was tested for a 9.3 Megaton yield, 4.8% of the energy was from fission with 95.2% from fusion. Less radioactive (more fusion and less fission energy) or semi-clean H-bombs were known then and were used for testing purposes only.
Among various other types of hydrogen bomb warheads, the W54 nuke was developed in 1961. The W54 was a micro-nuke that weighed 51 pounds and could be fired from a slightly modified ordinary bazooka. Different versions of the W54 ranged from .01 kt to 1 kt yield. Between the mid 1950's and the mid 70's both types (large yield dirty and small yield clean), of 2nd generation H-bombs were refined.
Around 1960, the relatively pure H-bomb was modified for selective effects creating the first 3rd generation H-bomb - the Neutron bomb, Enhanced Radiation Warhead, or a mostly fusion bomb.
How small can a nuclear reaction be? Through hydrodynamic experiments for triggering fusion, extremely lows yield nuclear explosions have been generated on the magnitude of "several Pounds of TNT." As noted above, in 1961 .01 kt was unveiled in 1961. In 1956, the Tamalpais with a yield of 0.072 kt was declassified.
Prior to the demolition of the WTC buildings, the largest imploded building, Hudson's Department Store was 2.2 million square feet with 33 levels and required 2,728 lbs of explosive. The WTC buildings were significantly stronger than the Hudson's building, but it is doubtful more than a 0.01 kt bomb would be needed for the 47 center columns designed to hold many times the weight of the buildings.
This program produced (partial list) the following information for a regular 0.01 kt yields, air ignition: Fireball max light radius = 25.4 meters, Max time light pulse width = 0.011 seconds, Max fireball airburst radius = 10.6 meters, Time of max temperature = 0.0032 seconds, Area of rad. exposure = 0.12 sq. miles; Blastwave Effects: Overpressure = 5 lb/sq. inch (160 mph) radius = 0.09 km, 1 lb/sq. inch radius = 0.26 km; Underground ignition: Crater diameter = 56 feet with a Richter magnitude of 3.52. Thermal radiation damage range is significantly reduced by clouds, smoke or other obscuring materials. Surface detonations are known to decrease thermal radiation by half. A neutron bomb produces much less blast and thermal energy than a fission bomb of the same yield by expending its energy by the increase in the production of neutrons. Even the older neutron bombs produce very little long term fallout, but made considerable induced radiation in ground detonations. The half life of induced radiation is very short and is measured in days rather than years.
Summing up known information, an underground explosion of a pure (most likely) or semi-pure, Minimum Residual Residue direction focused 0.01 kt yield hydrogen bomb with selected enhanced radiation dispersal - most likely neutron since that radiation would be absorbed by the ground and building, and would decrease the blast and temperature effects.
www.thepriceofliberty.org...
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Fusion balls and fusion shaped charges as a spinoff of the fusion energy
research. I estimate the energy distribution for Neutron bomb is
60% neutrons, 30% roentgen and 10% blast wave. The figures for
shorter-range roentgen and the longer-range neutron radiation include
a huge secondary thermal load, which forms automatically and which
will disintegrate everything but the heaviest structural steels especially
in the direction where those neutrons are directed.
Steel columns and pillars were ejected in the surroundings of the building. In the beginning of the so-called collapse, exists no such energy exists that could throw steel pillars outwards from 60 to 175 meters (approx. from 170 to 574 ft.) from trunk. Not even cutting charges can do that. Instead, the blast wave from a nuclear bomb is capable to do that.
Originally posted by fmcanarney
the steel and water absorb the heat from the energized neutrons.
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So what I gather, what you're proposing is a perfectly clean fusion device, that in effect acts like a giant neutron generator.
But the release of Neutrons, from I can find, is near instantaneous. You even quoted something about a nanosecond. So you must agree.
So if the water in the concrete absorbed this neutron energy, it would explode instantaneously. Therefore causing explosive effects. Right?
Even more, one of your links said that the neutrons would be absorbed by materials in the way. Indeed, it says that concrete is a better material for absorbing neutron radiation than steel is. Every floor between your proposed basement placement of a micronuke is concrete. You posted this link, so you must agree with this fact.
So could a neutron generator, focused or not, reach the impact areas without affecting all the floors in between? The areas closest to the bomb would show the MOST effect, with less showing the higher up you went.
How do you explain this? There is no way to focus anything so tightly, and then have it spread out once it reached the impact floors.
AND, I can't find anything in your links that indicate that neutron radiation would be able to heat much of anything anyways. There WILL be a large amount of heat released as part of the fusion reaction. But nothing about how neutrons would be able to do the damage proposed by heating.
Like other types of nuclear explosion, the explosion of a hydrogen bomb creates an extremely hot zone near its center. In this zone, because of the high temperature, nearly all of the matter present is vaporized to form a gas at extremely high pressure. A sudden overpressure, i.e., a pressure far in excess of atmospheric pressure, propagates away from the center of the explosion as a shock wave, decreasing in strength as it travels. It is this wave, containing most of the energy released, that is responsible for the major part of the destructive mechanical effects of a nuclear explosion. The details of shock wave propagation and its effects vary depending on whether the burst is in the air, underwater, or underground
Originally posted by fmcanarney
Like other types of nuclear explosion, the explosion of a hydrogen bomb creates an extremely hot zone near its center. In this zone, because of the high temperature, nearly all of the matter present is vaporized to form a gas at extremely high pressure. A sudden overpressure, i.e., a pressure far in excess of atmospheric pressure, propagates away from the center of the explosion as a shock wave, decreasing in strength as it travels. It is this wave, containing most of the energy released, that is responsible for the major part of the destructive mechanical effects of a nuclear explosion. The details of shock wave propagation and its effects vary depending on whether the burst is in the air, underwater, or underground
n.nuclear.googlepages.com...
[edit on 30-8-2008 by fmcanarney]