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So it's true because the good guys told you? And who would they be then?
Originally posted by JohnnyCanuck
Ok, mea culpa. The iconoclast crack was a little on the glib side. Frankly, I don't over-analyze the science. I've done a little ranting on this site about the nature of belief versus knowledge. Having lived through the glory days of the space programme...having seen Echo 1 as it made its solitary American way through the skies...I don't take this stuff on faith. I know it happened, cuz the good guys told me so.
And when the landing occurred, it didn't matter what your nationality, the little plaque on the lander said "We came in peace for all mankind." For a little while we all believed that.
I find it harder to 'believe' in ufos and other fringe matters because they're outside of my realm of experience...see the difference? So, if I'm proven wrong and the whole thing was a fake...well, that'll be a sad day for America and the rest of the world.
Originally posted by JohnnyCanuck
Badge, I'll take you up on that, but it won't be today. I will report back, though...I doubt this thread ever stays buried for long...lol.
Originally posted by Badge01
All other expeditions, North Pole, South Pole, Everest, and other far reaches of the globe are required to have INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION of the event before it is deemed worthy and right to be entered into the record books.
Despite many 'landings' on the moon by alleged astronauts, and unmanned vehicles from the US and other countries, guess what one event has never been independently verified?
That's right, the Apollo moon landings have NOT been subjected to verification.
1. pictures were faked (see Brian Leary's infamous comments);
2. the actual astronauts were substituted. The US may have landed astronauts on the moon (at least the first landing) but they may not have been Aldrin, Armstrong and Michael Collins;
3. the entire first mission may have been faked (we never left low orbit);
5. we have never sent humans through the Van Allen Belt and we never will (until we have better space capsules). We have sent humans to low earth orbit and on one occasion we sent the shuttle higher, but near the beginning of the first Van Allen belt;
6. the Van Allen Belts are far deadlier than we first imagined (One doco has the real newsreport on this comment).
Originally posted by jra
Originally posted by Badge01
Actually, there was a news broadcast a few years ago saying that the VA belts were more deadly than originally thought.
The electrons are energized to speeds much higher than previously thought, yes, but the are still not deadly if you are just flying through them. Satellites that have 3mm of aluminum shielding receive 25 Sv per year in the belts and they still operate. The highest radiation dosage received out of all the Apollo missions was by Apollo 14. It was 0.0285 Sv. The legal limit per year for people who work with radio active material is 0.05 Sv. That's 1/700 the lethal dose for humans. So I really don't think the Apollo astronauts had much to worry about when coasting through the belts.
To recap, ONE or more of the above may be true. (it's not clear which, as far as real proof).
To explain #2, if you have high profile astronauts and something goes wrong, it could be a -major- PR disaster. So the solution is to "seem" to send Aldrin, Armstrong and Michael Collins, but to use 'no name' guys in the actual ship. That way if there was a catastrophe they could do some spin control and cover up the deaths and say either we didn't make it, here's Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins, safe and sound, or we did make it and "they" got back OK.
I'm not alleging this, just offering an explanation for this fairly clever scheme, if in fact, it was true. Remember the whole Moon Landing thing was not about exploration or gathering data (such as taking UV pic of the stars, or using an astronomic telescope and special camera to take star pics), it was only about 'landing a man' and jumping around and planting a flag.
Additional factoids:
Aldrin mentions that the chance of making the blast off and docking with the orbital module after liftoff from the moon was about, or less than 30%. I.e. two in three chances that they'd not dock successfully and thus two of the members would perish.
I heard a documentary back in the 80s that was made in the 70s which said that the chances of missing the docking with the Orbiter was a LOT less than 30% (more like 8%). They said they really got lucky and with some last minute course corrections, Armstrong was able to dock.
Look at the press conference after the mission. Three very strange acting guys who appear to be embarrassed by the whole thing, and not proud guys returning from the greatest expedition of all time.
Another Factoid. Despite being on the 'high ground' for the first time, the Astronauts, present at the HIGHEST OBSERVTORY in the solar system (at the time) did NOT take any pictures of the stars. They did take a UV scope on a later mission, but NO pictures from this scope have been published anywhere (that I'm aware). Though it's hard to take pictures of stars and people and bright landscape AT THE SAME TIME, it is NOT impossible to take pictures of the stars from the Moon, if you use the right exposure and right camera and do it in the shadow of the LEM.
IMO, going to the Moon and not taking a 'Hubble-like' photo or two of the stars, is like going to the Mauna Kea observatory in Hawaii and never looking up at the stars. It's ludicrous.
Again, you can't take a regular camera and take a pic of an Astronaut and get stars in the background, but you can use proper equipment (which was available, or very light and easy to take - like a spotting scope with a time-lapse camera) and get pictures of the specific stars.
Why not do this? One reason. Because these stellar photographs would NOT have been able to be faked. The precise alignments and orientation of the various stars could be checked subsequently by Earth astronomers, including Amateurs and any attempt at faking would be instantly detected. Thus they claimed they did not take the pics. (in fact Collins says he doesn't recall SEEING any stars).
The trapping regions of high-energy charged particles surrounding the Earth are called radiation (or van Allen) belts (Van Allen et al., 1958; Van Allen and Frank, 1959). The inner one, located between about X = 1.1 - 3.3 Re (Earth radii, geocentric) in the equatorial plane, contains primarily protons with energies exceeding 10 MeV. Flux maximum is at about X = 2 Re. (Distances given here are approximate, since the location of particles is energy dependent.) This is a fairly stable population but it is subject to occasional perturbations due to geomagnetic storms, and it varies with 11-year solar cycle. The source of protons in this region is the decay of cosmic ray induced albedo from the atmosphere.
The Earth has two regions of trapped fast particles. The inner radiation belt discovered by Van Allen is relatively compact, extending perhaps one Earth radius above the equator (1 RE = 6371 km or about 4000 miles). It consists of very energetic protons, a by-product of collisions by cosmic ray ions with atoms of the atmosphere. The number of such ions is relatively small, and the inner belt therefore accumulates slowly, but because trapping near Earth is very stable, rather high intensities are reached, even though their build-up may take years.
Further out is the large region of the ring current, containing ions and electrons of much lower energy (the most energetic among them also known as the "outer radiation belt"). Unlike the inner belt, this population fluctuates widely, rising when magnetic storms inject fresh particles from the tail of the magnetosphere, then gradually falling off again. The ring current energy is mainly carried by the ions, most of which are protons.
However, one also sees in the ring current "alpha particles," atoms of helium which have lost their two electrons, a type of ion that is plentiful in the solar wind.In addition, a certain percentage are O+ oxygen ions, similar to those in the ionosphere of the Earth, though much more energetic. This mixture of ions suggests that ring current particles probably come from more than one source.
Originally posted by Essan
(btw Mountaineering achievements very rarely have independent verification - although in some case the summiteers can be seen from below by telescope, this is not always the case. The reason we knew that Tenzing Norgay and Ed Hillary reached the summit of Everest is because Tenzing Norgay and Ed Hillary said they reached the summit of Everest )
Originally posted by jra
That's what I'm wondering. How some of these expeditions get "independently verified". I couldn't imagine a second group of people climbing Everest to check and make sure they really got up there.
I also wonder how the Trieste, which holds the Worlds deepest depth ever reached, (10,911m / 35,798 ft) was "independently verified".
Badge01, I just want to understand what you mean by "independent verification". What all is required to make for a satisfactory verification. And in what ways does Apollo not meet those requirements. Also if you could tell me how other events and expeditions were verified, that would be great, thank you.
Originally posted by jra
How were those expeditions independently verified? I honestly don't know.