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#NiagaraParks #LakeErie #NiagaraRiver 25 Feet High IceTsunami Forces Residents To Evacuate Along Lake Erie
Ice tsunamis—also known as “ice shoves” and “ivu,” among other names—are rare, but well-documented events. According to National Geographic’s Michael Greshko, ice tsunamis were being studied as far back as 1822, when an American naturalist commented on “rocks, on level ground, taking up a gradual line of march [along a lakebed] and overcoming every obstacle in ... escaping the dominion of Neptune.”
The shores of many lakes are altered by the action of expanding ice cover and wind-blown ice cakes. As far back as 1822 Lee I reported moving rocks in Connecticut. Later many articles ha'e dealt with the origin of ice action features, notably articles b y Buckley 2 and by Gilbert 3 on -' isconsin, by Tyrrell4 on northern Canada, and by Hellaakoski 5 on Finland.
Volcanoes, Greenhouse Gases, and Temperature Change You have probably already heard the term “greenhouse gas” in science class or on the news, and you may have wondered what is so special about these gases. You learned the atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding Earth, and quite a few of the greenhouse gases occur naturally. So, what’s the problem? A greenhouse gas (GHG) is any gas in the atmosphere that takes in (absorbs) and gives off (emits) radiation in the heat (infrared) wavelength range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect, which results in increased temperatures on Earth. The Greenhouse Effect Source: National Climatic Data Center-NOAA Paleoclimatology The greenhouse effect occurs as solar radiation reaches the Earth’s surface. As the sun’s energy heats the surface, some of the heat energy radiates back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation and back toward space. But greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb some of the infrared radiation energy and “trap” it in the lower atmosphere. Less heat radiates into space, and the Earth is warmer. Many greenhouse gases occur naturally. Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide are naturally present in Earth’s atmosphere. Others, such as chorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), are human made. Since the Industrial Revolution atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have been rising. Increasing population and increased use of fossil fuels for energy result in a sharp rise in greenhouse gases, especially CO2, and increased temperatures. Volcanoes also give off greenhouse gases. The most abundant gas released from volcanic eruptions is water vapor. Other emitted gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen chloride (HCl), and hydrogen fluoride (HF). Read about the characteristics and implications of some of the major greenhouse gases below. Use the Related Links and other resources in this module to investigate other volcanic greenhouse gases and their effects on global climate. Water Vapor Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere. Changes in the concentration of water vapor in our atmosphere are not attributed directly to industrialization, but to feedbacks related to climate warming. Although the water cycle is well understood, feedback loops connecting the water cycle and climate changes are still poorly understood for the most part. Of course, some feedback mechanisms are accepted. As temperatures in the atmosphere increase, evaporation of water increases. Evaporation increases at all water reservoir sites—groundwater, rivers, streams, oceans, soils. Because the air is warm, the water can “hold” more moisture. The increased amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere can then absorb more thermal energy radiated from the Earth, and this further warms the atmosphere. (This is called a positive feedback loop because the effect increases with each part of the cycle.) The water vapor eventually condenses and forms clouds. Clouds can reflect some solar radiation and result in a cooling effect. How much of a cooling effect this can have is variable and difficult to measure accurately. Carbon Dioxide Two observatories at the Mauna Loa Observatory complex in Hawaii. Image courtesy: NASA Earth Observatory. Carbon dioxide is perhaps the most widely studied greenhouse gas. Dr. Charles Keeling, an American scientist, began recording atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements at the summit of the Mauna Loa Observatory in 1958. His studies were the first to warn the world of the anthropogenic (human caused) contributions to global warming. A result of his extended studies, the famous “Keeling Curve,” documented the ongoing buildup of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere. Dr. Keeling and his team’s data also showed a strong seasonal variation in carbon dioxide levels. Peak levels occur in late winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Lowest levels occur in spring and early summer. Notice that the variations can be explained by considering what is happening to plant growth during those times. Plant growth in spring and early summer reduces atmospheric CO2 through the process of photosynthesis; during winter, plants cannot have the same mediating effects, and atmospheric CO2 rises. Other processes affect CO2 concentrations. Geologic (rocks, soil) and hydrologic (water) processes and cycles also affect both the emission and uptake of carbon dioxide from Earth’s environments. Anthropogenic processes have altered the natural balance mechanisms. Concentrations were fairly stable at 280 ppm (parts per million) before the Industrial Revolution. Now, they hover around 370 ppm and are still increasing
originally posted by: chr0naut
a reply to: Waterglass
There's a whole new movie franchise there!
SharkIceTsunaminado coming soon...
originally posted by: Waterglass
a reply to: VoiceOfTheEmperor
Well we all agreed with our Professor who was a Democrat so we would get our A.Wink wink. We also did a study on how long it would take to cool a room temperature can of warm 12 ounce beer can to optimal drinking temperature. Numbers were proven.
As far as greenhouse gas goes you do realize that burning a wood log in a fireplace will out gas the same amount of CO2 into the atmosphere as it rotting in the forest. I still wonder why that Volcanoes are kind of dissed off by the CO2 crowd.
Even old growth forests give off CO2 versus young growth that removes. Cow gas? The hell with cows. Look at all the Obesity Beasties running around. Not to mention the strain they put on the public sewers.
ete.cet.edu.../volcanoes_greenhouse/
Volcanoes, Greenhouse Gases, and Temperature Change You have probably already heard the term “greenhouse gas” in science class or on the news, and you may have wondered what is so special about these gases. You learned the atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding Earth, and quite a few of the greenhouse gases occur naturally. So, what’s the problem? A greenhouse gas (GHG) is any gas in the atmosphere that takes in (absorbs) and gives off (emits) radiation in the heat (infrared) wavelength range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect, which results in increased temperatures on Earth. The Greenhouse Effect Source: National Climatic Data Center-NOAA Paleoclimatology The greenhouse effect occurs as solar radiation reaches the Earth’s surface. As the sun’s energy heats the surface, some of the heat energy radiates back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation and back toward space. But greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb some of the infrared radiation energy and “trap” it in the lower atmosphere. Less heat radiates into space, and the Earth is warmer. Many greenhouse gases occur naturally. Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide are naturally present in Earth’s atmosphere. Others, such as chorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), are human made. Since the Industrial Revolution atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have been rising. Increasing population and increased use of fossil fuels for energy result in a sharp rise in greenhouse gases, especially CO2, and increased temperatures. Volcanoes also give off greenhouse gases. The most abundant gas released from volcanic eruptions is water vapor. Other emitted gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen chloride (HCl), and hydrogen fluoride (HF). Read about the characteristics and implications of some of the major greenhouse gases below. Use the Related Links and other resources in this module to investigate other volcanic greenhouse gases and their effects on global climate. Water Vapor Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere. Changes in the concentration of water vapor in our atmosphere are not attributed directly to industrialization, but to feedbacks related to climate warming. Although the water cycle is well understood, feedback loops connecting the water cycle and climate changes are still poorly understood for the most part. Of course, some feedback mechanisms are accepted. As temperatures in the atmosphere increase, evaporation of water increases. Evaporation increases at all water reservoir sites—groundwater, rivers, streams, oceans, soils. Because the air is warm, the water can “hold” more moisture. The increased amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere can then absorb more thermal energy radiated from the Earth, and this further warms the atmosphere. (This is called a positive feedback loop because the effect increases with each part of the cycle.) The water vapor eventually condenses and forms clouds. Clouds can reflect some solar radiation and result in a cooling effect. How much of a cooling effect this can have is variable and difficult to measure accurately. Carbon Dioxide Two observatories at the Mauna Loa Observatory complex in Hawaii. Image courtesy: NASA Earth Observatory. Carbon dioxide is perhaps the most widely studied greenhouse gas. Dr. Charles Keeling, an American scientist, began recording atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements at the summit of the Mauna Loa Observatory in 1958. His studies were the first to warn the world of the anthropogenic (human caused) contributions to global warming. A result of his extended studies, the famous “Keeling Curve,” documented the ongoing buildup of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere. Dr. Keeling and his team’s data also showed a strong seasonal variation in carbon dioxide levels. Peak levels occur in late winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Lowest levels occur in spring and early summer. Notice that the variations can be explained by considering what is happening to plant growth during those times. Plant growth in spring and early summer reduces atmospheric CO2 through the process of photosynthesis; during winter, plants cannot have the same mediating effects, and atmospheric CO2 rises. Other processes affect CO2 concentrations. Geologic (rocks, soil) and hydrologic (water) processes and cycles also affect both the emission and uptake of carbon dioxide from Earth’s environments. Anthropogenic processes have altered the natural balance mechanisms. Concentrations were fairly stable at 280 ppm (parts per million) before the Industrial Revolution. Now, they hover around 370 ppm and are still increasing