Can Brahmos take on a super-carrier?
First of all. I wouldn't advise trying...
The short answer is not a chance. But here's the long answer...(By super-carrier, I assume you mean a USN CVN, so my response is tailored to that scenario).
To get inside a CVN Strike force is going to be exceptionally difficult. A USN CSF on wartime footing has a layered screen that goes out almost 1000km. Anything that hits the 800km perimeter is automatically scaled at a threat level. Not to mention the fact that there will also be 2-3 Aegis AB's in escort and a minimum of 1 Tico.
Brahmos has 300km range, so the enemy ship must come within that range to the Carrier and can be sunk before it launches the cruise missile. But let's just say somehow it gets one off before it sinks. E-2C hawkeye detects the missile and notifies the defensive systems to calculate and intercept.
CVN is now travelling at flank, running evasion and also (in current scenarios) NETFORCEd with every other ship in the fleet and any other platform within a 1000 k's, that means that in current scenarios, there will be another CSF adding its electronic capability to the response.
The Brahmos has to overcome the Electronic warfare systems and decoy systems, these include ESM and "Electronic Attack" chaff and flare dispenser systems. Next you have the close in missile defence systems. These currently comprise gun and missile systems, Mk 15 Phalanx 20mm gun, US Mk 43 Rolling airframe missile (RAM, 20 missiles) system or it's newer version SEA RAM, (11 missiles), Evolved Sea Sparrow missile system (ESSM), and longer range systems like SM-2 and soon to be SM-3 (though these are primarily anti-air role as opposed to the Anti-ASM role).
A USN CSF also uses active electronic masking, and there may be a "goat" in the CSF that emulates the CVN's signals and electronic signature.
Furthermore....
The USN trains against supersonic cruise missile attacks by using other missile systems. (and has been for many years) eg, the USN uses a missile system that can be tuned to emulate a Yakhont or a Sunburn. In the past we have used modified kh-31's, but these were eventually abandoned due to under performance issues. At the last series of supersonic tests, 49 out of 50 supersonic launches were intercepted successfully.
A carrier is citadeled. It's estimated that it would take 4 torps of the capability of the Mk48 ADCAP to sink one. One or two Brahmos's isn't going to do the job.
The other issue is that the US sees that an attack on a CSF is tantamount to attacking the CONUS - any nation that strikes or attempts to strike a CSF will trigger SSGN's launching cruise missiles (at best) against their shore based important assets - and it's a safe bet is that we would strike a symbolic asset to make a significant point.
So anyway, like I said, I wouldn't advise trying...
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